The widespread use and misuse of antibiotics have led to numerous negative consequences, such as the disruption of normal microbial populations in animals, causing imbalances in the micro-ecological system. These practices also promote the development of antibiotic-resistant strains, increase the susceptibility of certain habitats, and contribute to both exogenous and endogenous infections. Additionally, antibiotics can impair the immune function of animals, reducing their resistance to diseases. Residues of these drugs in animal products like meat, eggs, and milk pose a serious threat to human health. Moreover, some antibiotics are teratogenic, leading to birth defects or even poisoning and death in humans and animals.
In 1981, the UK experienced a major crisis when large-scale use of "three-in-one" injections containing antibiotics and hormones led to the outbreak of "mad cow disease." In response, countries around the world, especially in Europe, the U.S., and Japan, implemented strict regulations on the types, usage methods, dosage, and combinations of antibiotics. After 2005, EU countries banned the addition of any antibiotics to animal feed. At the same time, efforts have been made to develop and promote green, safe feed additives as alternatives to antibiotics. This paper focuses on microbial additives, one of the most promising green feed additives.
In dairy production, microecological preparations mainly include bacterial and fungal cultures. Ideal strains should be non-pathogenic, non-harmful to animals and humans, and capable of rapid growth and high survival rates after processing. They should ideally originate from the animal's own gut microbiota.
Bacillus species, such as Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis, are widely used due to their spore-forming ability, which allows them to withstand harsh conditions during feed processing and storage. These bacteria produce various enzymes that aid digestion, improve feed conversion, and help maintain intestinal balance by competing with harmful microbes.
Lactic acid bacteria, including Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, play an important role in regulating gut flora, producing vitamins, and enhancing immunity. However, they are less stable than spore-forming bacteria and often require microencapsulation to improve shelf life.
Yeast and Aspergillus are commonly used fungi in feed additives. Yeast improves rumen fermentation, enhances nutrient absorption, and promotes the growth of beneficial microbes. Aspergillus, particularly Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus oryzae, produces cellulase and other enzymes that help break down plant fibers, improving digestion in ruminants.
Microbial additives work by stimulating the growth of beneficial bacteria, stabilizing rumen pH, and modulating the micro-ecological balance. They also inhibit pathogenic bacteria, enhance immunity, and improve overall performance in dairy cows.
Studies show that microbial feed additives can significantly increase milk yield, reduce heat stress, improve feed efficiency, and enhance reproductive performance. For example, yeast cultures have been shown to increase milk production by up to 7.8% and improve reproductive outcomes in dairy cows.
Overall, microbial feed additives offer a sustainable and effective alternative to antibiotics, supporting both animal health and productivity while promoting environmental safety.
External Ointment
External Ointment,Antibiotic Cream for Skin Infection,Triple Antibiotic Ointment Packets,Topical Antibiotic Cream
Jilin Manyitang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd , https://www.likangpharmaceutical.com