1. Base fertilizer application Base fertilizer refers to the fertilizer applied to the field before or after planting the vegetables. For the production of pollution-free vegetables, the base fertilizer should be dominated by organic fertilizers, and appropriate amount of chemical fertilizers should be mixed. The amount of basal fertilizer should account for more than 70% of the total amount of fertilizer applied to the crop. The organic fertilizer such as plant residue fertilizer or soil miscellaneous fertilizer, mineral phosphate fertilizer, and grass ash are all used as base fertilizer, and other fertilizers can be used as part of base fertilizer. The above points must be taken into account when establishing the variety and quantity of basal fertilizer: (1) Prevent the obstacles of fertilizer concentration. In the total amount of basal fertilizer, if an excessive amount of fertilizer is used as base fertilizer. In order to cause local accidental high-concentration fertilizer barriers; organic fertilizers are slow and effective, buffering is large, and even if a large amount is used, concentration barriers rarely occur; therefore when the total amount of vegetable base fertilizers is insufficient, only the amount of organic fertilizers can be increased. Satisfy. (2) Nitrogen-based and ammonium-based nitrogen fertilizers are rarely used for nitrogen fertilizers in basal fertilizers. The vegetables are nitric acid nitrogen crops, but the nitrate nitrification fertilizers applied to the soil are not easily absorbed by the soil, and are easily leached by rain or irrigation. Therefore, it is not appropriate to make a large amount of basal fertilizer; too much ammonium ammonium nitrification fertilizer will cause serious fertility obstacles. The phenomenon of leaf yellowing or atrophy appeared. At the same time, it will also affect the absorption of calcium and magnesium fertilizers in crops, so it is not appropriate to make large amounts of basal fertilizer. Therefore, you should use organic nitrogen fertilizer amide nitrogen (urea). (3) In the nitrogen base fertilizer, 70% of the nitrogen content of the crop is supplied as a base fertilizer, and 30% is used as top dressing. Fertilizers should account for 3/5 of the 30% nitrogen fertilizer used as top dressing. Organic nitrogen fertilizers, such as human waste, are used as top dressing only at the regular initial stage of the vegetable crop. (4) Phosphate fertilizer should be used as base fertilizer. Phosphoric acid uptake by vegetables is 25 to 30 when nitrogen is 100. The period during which the vegetable needs to be confirmed is the initial period of fertility. If the phosphate fertilizer is insufficient at the seedling stage, the output will be reduced even if a large amount of phosphate fertilizer is supplemented in the later period. Therefore, phosphate fertilizers are generally used as base fertilizers. (5) Potash fertilizer in base fertilizer should not be too much. The conventional potash fertilizer application rate is 0.8 to 1.5 times that of vegetable crops. Potash fertilizer applied to soil is not easily leached by water, and potassium fertilizer is absorbed by vegetable crops than other components. However, the excessive amount of one-time potash fertilizer will affect the absorption of calcium, magnesium and other nutrients, and it is easy to cause the deficiency of physiological elements such as calcium deficiency and magnesium. Therefore, potassium fertilizer should be used as part of the base fertilizer, and part of it should be used as top dressing. The application method of basal fertilizer is to spread the fertilizing materials in front of the ploughs in the garden; other types of vegetables are mainly applied in the form of strips, ie digging deep trenches in the center of the vegetable ridge, and applying organic fertilizer such as fertilizer or manure in the trenches. Then spread fertiliser on top of it and cover it with soil. 2. Top dressing Top dressing refers to the addition of fertilizer after planting or after planting. Top dressing should be applied according to different vegetables and different growth periods in proper time and in stages so as to meet the needs of various vegetable growth periods. (1) Short-term green leaf top dressing method. On the basis of sufficient basal fertilizer, live vegetables can be grown without water, as long as they are watered until harvested. If the color of leaves is found to be green and fat in the cultivation process, it is necessary to top-dress. However, the top dressing must be applied more than 8 days before the harvest of vegetables. The fertilizer used does not use nitrate nitrogen fertilizer, apply NPK fertilizer or urea, and apply water in the form of water. (2) Long-term vegetable dressing method. In the seedling stage of initial planting, nitrogen fertilizer is often applied topically to promote seedling growth. The initial stage of vegetable products is the focus of topdressing, paying attention to the application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in accordance with the requirements of different vegetable types. Before vegetable products are harvested, they are top-dressed or not top-dressed. The key period for dressing various vegetables is: root vegetables, onions and garlic onions and yam, focusing on fertilizers in the beginning of the root or stem expansion; cabbage, cabbage, mustard and other long-term green leafy vegetables, focusing on the early stage of the ball Or the early emergence of cauliflower (cauliflower); melons, solanaceous, beans, top dressing focus on the first female flower results (èš) firmly after. Regardless of the dish, pay attention to the form of nitrogen fertilizer and the effect of top dressing. Nitrate-nitrogen fertilizers can be applied early in the cultivation of various leafy vegetables, but the top-dressing should be replaced by NPK fertilizer or urea. Ammonium chloride is applied in the seasons with heavy rainfall and severe leaching (spring to early summer in Fujian Province). The effect of fertilizer is high. On the contrary, when it is dry, serious concentration barriers are easily caused and the yield is reduced. Ammonium nitrate and amide nitrogen fertilizers are effective during the cold period, and they are less effective during the rainy season. Starch vegetables, such as potatoes and alfalfa, are better not to use ammonium nitrate nitrogen fertilizer. Chloride ions will reduce the quality of these dishes. There are two ways to apply fertilizer: First, pouring. The manure dung penetrating water or chemical fertilizers dissolved in water after pouring. Short-term green leafy vegetables with high planting density are poured into the garden. For long-term vegetable crops with small planting density, you can use planting, planting, and planting. Care should be taken not to apply the fertilizer to the leaves. The second is to apply. For vegetables with long growing period, in the period of topdressing, the small caves can be dug between the rows of vegetable pods, and after the fertilizer is applied, the caves cover the soil. Note that the small caverns each time the fertilizer is dug must be staggered, as in the second time between the rows. Topdressing should pay attention to supporting other agricultural activities. In general, vegetable fields are cultivated, weeded and cultivated soils, fertilized, and then watered the next day. 3, outside the top-dressing fertilizer top-dressing refers to the vegetable leaf surface, the method of spraying fertilizer or fertilizer powder, so that vegetables through the leaves for nutrient absorption. The top-dressing fertilizer is suitable for fertilizers that are easily fixed and leached by the soil and when the soil is too wet in long-term spring rains. The concentration of the fertilizer solution used for top dressing is different depending on the crop and the external conditions. It is usually between a few thousandths and one-hundredths. The top dressing is best performed before 9 o'clock in the evening or morning dew, because the stomata of the leaves are open, which is beneficial to plant absorption. It takes 4 hours without rain after top dressing, otherwise the effect is poor. Nitrogen fertilizers outside the root dressing should use organic nitrogen fertilizers, such as Opul, amino acid complex fertilizer and so on. Should be carried out about 10 days before harvesting. Phosphate fertilizers outside the root dressing should use potassium dihydrogen phosphate or superphosphate. Such as using calcium superphosphate. If using calcium superphosphate, must be filtered, that is, add 1:50-80 ratio into the blisters for a day and night, then filter the liquid spray. K Potassium chloride or potassium sulfate shall be used after being soaked in water to a concentration of 0.3%-1%. The fertilizers such as boron, molybdenum and other trace elements are preferably applied by top-dressing, because these fertilizers are used in small quantities, such as basal fertilizers or top-dressing fertilizers, which require more, and are less likely to be uniform.
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