Species and identification of insect pests 1. Mushrooms, mushrooms, and flies: Commonly used fermentation materials in the autumn, such as Pleurotus ostreatus, Coprinus comatus, and Agaricus bisporus, etc., Small-sized mushroom mosquitoes, Pleurotus ostreatus mosquitoes, Mushrooms eye mosquitoes, and more The adult mosquitoes such as Glaucous Mosquitoes, Alias, Mosquitoes, Drosophila, Drosophila, and Drosophila are spawned. Adults and eggs do not produce direct damage. When the temperature is between 16°C and 30°C, the eggs hatch in about 4 days. For larvae, larvae to feed on hyphae or fruiting bodies for a living, the hazard of about 7 days to 18 days that is phlegm, the general pupa period is about 2 days to 8 days, then emerged as adults, the day after the emergence of adults or the next day Can be re-copulation, can lay eggs on the day of mating, generally each mushroom mosquitoes spawn more than 10, up to a maximum of 270 tablets, mushroom mosquito adult body size is larger, the general species body length can be more than 3.5 mm, the maximum can exceed 6 mm Larvae are generally about 5 mm in length and can exceed 16 mm in length. Mushroom flies have a small body size. The largest adult flies have a body length of only about 1.5 mm, and larvae have a size of between 2 mm and 3 mm, but fruit fly adults and their larvae have a body length of about 5 mm. Mosquitoes are almost the same. The adults of these pests are highly phototaxis and odoriferous (mushroom flavor, material flavor, and rot flavor). When the mushroom shed is light-closed, the probability of occurrence is low, and the density of insect populations is greatly reduced. The larvae are initially active in the surface layer and bite the hyphae. After the mushroom is hatched, it can be drilled to the base of the stipe until the mushroom cover. After the mushroom body is “hollowâ€, it returns to the material and continues to jeopardize the damage until the base. All the materials in the material were eaten clean. 2. Scorpions: There are many channels of maggots, or they live in the seams in the corners of the shed. They can also survive in the cracks in the columns, cracks in the bamboo poles, and can also enter the sheds through various tools. It can also be spread by bacteria (mainly three species). In short, there are a lot of access channels. The fleas mainly attack the hyphae as the main hazard, but when the density of the larvae is large, they can bite and invade the buds and mature fruits. The main species of locusts are vermiculite, pampas grass, ear sprouts, etc. Individuals of locusts are extremely small, but the pests have habits of colony and live in piles and clusters on the surface of the material, the corners of the sheds, and the ground. When the density of wormholes is very high, the material is white (black and white) or red or brown. The locust breeding speed is extremely fast. Under the temperature conditions of 20°C to 30°C, it takes about 8 days to complete one generation of fertility, and it takes only 3 days to complete one generation of individual cultivars. Due to the difference in species, some aphids also need to pass through the egg, larvae, Ruoqiang, Chengyu and other fertility stages, but some breeds only have eggs and quails because their eggs can develop into pods directly in the mother's body. Then broke out. When the living conditions are not suitable, or when the bacteria is sterile or edible, they can be absorbed on tools, humans and even other living insects. The opportunity can be transferred to suitable places to continue the expansion of their survival and reproduction. 3. Collembola: This worm is more harmful than summer and autumn. It survives at temperatures above 15°C and becomes active when the temperature reaches 22°C. It breeds and expands. Collembola and its fruit bodies are harmful to the worms. Latent in the folds and small crevices, so that the value of the product is greatly reduced or even scrapped. There are many species of collembola, and the common ones are the angular hoppers, black-horned hoppers, and black-collared hoppers. The longevity of the worms is long, most breeds can survive for about six months, and the elderly can reach one year. The main physical characteristics of the collembola are small in size, generally about 1.5 mm, and the largest is less than 5 mm. The moist environment, dark light, abundant hyphae and mushroom nutrition in the mushroom shed provide the best conditions for the breeding and breeding of the hopper. Therefore, the harm is greater. 4, nematodes: nematodes mainly harm the edible fungi hyphae, there are also many varieties, mainly with the needle of the mycelium nematodes, no needles of small rod nematodes, etc., the former by the needle inserted mycelium sucking mycelium juice, The growth of mycelium is hindered, followed by atrophy and death, resulting in the phenomenon of "bacterial elimination"; the latter uses its head to rapidly agitate the hyphae, making it a very fine hyphae, and then swallowing or sucking. The result is also to make the bacteria Silk disappears. The size of the nematode is small, usually about 1 mm, but its reproduction speed is very fast. Generally, under the conditions of 20°C to 30°C, about 30 hours after mating, eggs can be laid. One female can spawn dozens of eggs. Up to 140 capsules; it takes only a dozen days for the eggs to develop into adults, and only about 8 days for conditions above 25°C. Nematode pests have a smooth body surface and have a favorable water-saturated environment or a large living condition. When there is a movement of water, it is an important method for identifying nematodes. In the autumn, there are other pests or small animals that can cause a certain degree of damage, such as snails, rats and cats, etc. Preventing insect pests to prevent insect pests is a positive attitude toward controlling insect pests in the production of edible fungi, and has excellent results. The main measures are: Base material fermentation phase: First of all, the use of insect nets to prevent insects near spawning is a cost-effective, simple method and a good measure, while effectively solving the problem of drug residues. The use of insect-repellent nets for general vegetable breeding can be used, even tiny mushroom flies cannot drill. Secondly, high-efficiency and low-residue drugs are often sprayed on the material table to prevent insects, but the use concentration should be low and the amount of spraying should be less to avoid drug residue. Again, if possible, clinker cultivation methods should be used as far as conditions are concerned. In addition, pest control will also eliminate germs and germs at the same time. Finally, in the cultivation of Agaricus bisporus and Agaricus blazei, application of secondary fermentation techniques, temperatures of up to 60° C. for 2 days or so, will allow the insect living body, including eggs, larvae, and adults to be completely killed despite the cost of production. A slight increase, but in exchange for the killing, killing bacteria, and the base material rotten uniform, remove the smell and many other effects, can be described as multiple purposes. Seed germination stage: a considerable amount of insect pests is invaded at this stage, generally lasting about 3 weeks to 5 weeks of germination stage, Pleurotus ostreatus, Coprinus comatus and other bacteria bags are microporous, can fully meet the mushroom mosquitoes, The entry and exit of fleas are basically unlimited. First of all, high-density screens (such as insect nets) encapsulate the doors and windows of vents, vents, etc., and adhere to closed light culture to prevent adults from entering the light. Secondly, regular inspection of indoor adults, once discovered, immediately sprayed with low concentrations of pyrethroid drugs to kill, even if pure water spray, so that the wings of mushroom mosquitoes covered with water, the adults can fall to the ground and can not fly again, Can also be killed. Finally, when the surrounding environment of the cultivating room is poor, for example, close to garbage, squat toilets, dung heaps, etc., in addition to cleaning and guarding as much as possible, the indoor need to regularly spray insecticides on the space, wall, is also a very strong preventive measures. one. Mushroom management stage: First, the high-density screens (insect protection nets) can be packaged in the doors and windows of the sheds and vents to prevent adult insects from entering. Second, try to reduce the shed light. Third, the management of water insists on using well water or tap water instead of “dead water†in ditch, bay and pond. Fourth, import and export lime belts with a width of 1 to 2 meters to prevent pests and small animals from entering. Finally, in the interval between fruiting mushrooms, proper spraying of pyrethroids, together with the application of formaldehyde, bleaching powder drugs, has the dual role of both insects and bacteria, but within the growth of fruiting bodies, should disable any drugs to prevent drug residues Affect quality. Insect pests The cultivation of edible mushrooms, most of the pests enter the base material in the form of eggs, a small part of which is laid in the base material, and then sowing, and most of them are spawning after sowing. The probability of entering the sowing stage with live larvae (or live larvae) is small with bacteria. The hatching of eggs is synchronous with the development of the base material. Under normal circumstances, the naked eye cannot be found or identified at all; the individual groups of larvae are small at first, and the amount of hyphae to be eaten is very small, which is not easy to attract attention, until the larvae continue to grow and grow up. With the expansion of the population, when the harm to the mycelium is severe, the mushroom has reached the first tide or enters the mushrooming period. This stage is hard to perceive until the second tidal mushroom is difficult, and even no more mushrooming, the base material When the surface mycelium disappeared and became brown, it was discovered that it was originally a pest. It can be said that quite a few producers had found pests at this stage. Another feature of the pests in autumn and winter is that as the temperature is gradually reduced, insects are also looking for a warm shelter. The base material is more suitable, and the temperature in the cultivation room and cultivation shed is also relatively appropriate, and it is appropriate to find a “living placeâ€. After that, it breeds rapidly and the population of pests rapidly expands. Hazards The pests on the edible fungus have lived on the biting mycelium in the early stages of the fungus, and the fruiting bodies have been “taken together†at the end of the mushrooming stage. When the pests are serious, the surface of the base material turns from white to yellow. It becomes brown and even black. The surface layer or even the interior is covered with pest excretions. The base of the fruit body is swallowed until the whole stipe is eaten, and even the cap of the mushroom has wormholes. On the other hand, insect pests can cause certain diseases or bacteria to ravage. Such as the disappearance of the substrate surface mycelium, insect excrement throughout. After the rot is caused, bacteria such as Trichoderma, Rhizopus, etc. enter the machine and cause disease; insects bite the fruiting body and cause the young mushroom (mushroom bud) to die and rot, and it is also easy to attract outside adults to enter. A number of bacteria or fungi, while increasing the density of pests (insect populations), have also brought in a large number of pathogenic bacteria, which has produced "difficulties" in the production of already-damaged edible fungi. Methods for Killing Pests When pests are found in time and measures are taken to kill them, drug species should be strictly selected. Attention should be paid to the problem of drug residues and the occurrence of phytotoxicity. When the initial pest density is very small, the use of highly efficient and low residual pyrethroids can be achieved by spraying in the air or on the surface of the material. When it occurs moderately, some of the eggs will be laid in the material and the fruiting body can be used for lighting at once. For mushroom mosquitos and collembola species, 800 times DDV is applied to the material surface and the cover soil, and the film is coated for 3 hours to 5 hours. For pests of locust can be sprayed with 1,000 times the killing drugs, such as broom special, kill sterols, etc., also covered by a few hours; nematodes using 0.5% formaldehyde solution to re-spray, but also to cover film for 2 hours to 4 hour. When the brown patches appear on the material table and the stipe has insect worms, severe occurrence has occurred. At this time, the larvae are mostly in the material, and the spraying of the drugs is generally ineffective, and the aluminum phosphide “killing†method can be used to kill all at once. Method is: all the fruiting body lighting, wall cultivation, the use of plastic film to cover the wall, on both sides 1 meter away from the placement of a piece of aluminum phosphide, rapid plastic film around the compaction, about 8 hours to 10 hours. For the method of insecticidal cultivation, refer to the above. Note points: The operation should be fast; the film should be compacted; when removing the film, the canopy door, window and vent should be opened first. Then the plastic film was opened, and after 1 hour to 2 hours, the plastic film was removed from the shed. The aluminum phosphide waste was carefully scooped out and disposed deep.
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