Sea echinoderms are echinoderms, sea cucumbers, and sea cucumbers. They are mainly distributed along the coasts of Liaoning, Shandong and Hebei. They are suitable for living in areas where the water quality is clear, the flow is smooth, and the food is rich. It is one of the “Bazhen†seafood. The sea cucumber aquaculture technology is introduced as follows:
First, pond construction
1. Requirements for Water Sources and Water Quality Requirements for water sources are sufficient, fresh and fertile, and non-polluting. In particular, they cannot contain oil pollution, and fresh water is strictly prohibited from being discharged into sea cucumber aquaculture ponds. Pool water quality requires constant salinity year-round, salinity range of 28 ‰ to 33 ‰, pH value of 7.8 -8, dissolved oxygen of 5 mg/L or more, oxygen consumption of organic matter of 1.4 mg/L to 2.3 mg/L, ammonia nitrogen of 0.1 mg/ Below L, hydrogen sulfide is not detected.
2. The area of ​​the pond structure is generally 20 mu to 40 mu. It is better to use the rectangle and the north-south direction, and set one inlet and drain gate at the north and south ends of the pond. The depth of the pool water is more than 2.0 meters, and the bottom of the pond is rock and reef. , hard sand or hard sand mud is good, and the bottom of the pool is not leaking, the slope ratio of the pond is 1:2.5, and it can be protected by cement board or stone.
3. The bottom of the pond is the important place for the growth and summertime sleep of sea cucumber. The majority of the ponds are sandy muddy and muddy sediments, which cannot reach the living conditions of sea cucumbers and need to be reformed.
Under the condition that the sediment is not too soft and rotten, the following transformation methods can be used: First, the stone throwing method can be used to throw stones, ie, the length is not limited, the width is 0.3m, and the spacing between the stones is about 1.5m; the stacking stone can also be used. , that is, every 1.0m ~ 1.5m cast a pile of stones, each pile of 0.5 cubic meters to 1.0 cubic meters; also can use the catapult to throw stones, that is, random to throw stones in the pond. The second is to build artificial reference reefs, which are generally made of cement to make artificial reference reefs. The principle of making reefs is porous and multi-layered to facilitate the stinging and inhabitation of sea cucumbers. The size and weight of the sea cucumbers are convenient for handling. Perforated reference reefs have a pore size of about 10 cm, which is more convenient for habitat and capture of sea cucumbers. The third is to throw some other materials, such as branches, stumps, baskets, old tires, bricks, gravel, cement pipes, ceramic fragments, broken ceramic pipes, etc., of which the old tires are not good for initial use, and can be soaked in water first. Use it later.
The soft-bottom ponds must artificially create suspended substrates to suit the growth of sea cucumbers. The first method is to use cement columns, stone columns, and wooden piles in ponds where the sediment is soft and easy to deposit. , bamboo and other materials to create a vertical row of piles, and then use the wire and nylon rope connection, and then basket baskets, tires, porcelain tubes, tiles, branches, bamboo products, slate and other items hanging on the rope, hanging close to the ground, you can, And should be integrated into the film. The second method is to use a short pile that is close to the ground to lift the rope and the old mesh from one level, and then put the baskets, tires, porcelain pipes, tiles, branches, bamboo products, and slate materials.
II. Preparation before the seedlings
1. Disinfection of Ponds After the ponds are filled with 30cm to 40cm of water, the whole pool is disinfected with quicklime or bleaching powder. The amount of quicklime is 60kg/mu to 80kg/mu, and the amount of bleaching powder is 10kg/mu. After 1 to 2 days from the end of disinfection, the pond began to be filled with water. At the same time, basic bait organisms in the pool water were cultivated with appropriate amount of urea, fermented organic fertilizer, etc. The proportion of organic fertilizer should not be less than 50%, and the total amount of fertilizer used should be controlled. The nitrate content should be below 40mg/L. After the water is stable for 15 days, the beneficial organisms will multiply and beneficial algae will begin to adhere to artificial reefs. At this time, it can enter the seedling stage.
2. The seedlings of sea cucumbers are usually reared in the rearing circle to catch large catch and stay small. The breeding time is divided into spring and autumn and the water temperature is between 7°C and 10°C. There are three types of seedlings: the fall seedlings, which are seedlings cultivated in the current year, and are about 2cm to 4cm in length. The density of the seedlings is 5,000 heads/mu to 10,000 heads/mu, and are based on the amount of water changed and the body's fatness. The water productivity of ponds can be adjusted at any time. The survival rate is generally 10% to 40%, and 1.5 to 2.0 years can be harvested. The spring seedlings, that is, the artificially cultivated seedlings of the previous year were artificially overwintered in the room, and the individual size was about 6cm. The seedling density is 4000 heads/mu to 8000 heads/mu, which can be harvested in the autumn and winter of the year from 1/4 to 1/3, and can be harvested before the summer sleep of the following year. The survival rate is above 70%; the natural seedlings, the specification is 50 heads/kg~ 60 heads/kg, early spring seedlings, more than 80% can be harvested before winter, and the seedling density is 2000 heads/mu to 3000 heads/mu, and the survival rate can reach more than 90%.
(3) The salinity of the seedlings transporting sea cucumbers shall not be less than 28 ç›. The method of transportation shall be: no stripping and dry transport method, ie, the seeds shall not be peeled off and transported along with the attached bases, and the bases shall be prevented from being attached to one another during shipment. Extrusion, covered with tarpaulin or plastic sheeting, under the plastic sheeting, temperature control during transportation below 20 °C, spraying seawater once every 2h 1, transport time within 10h can be used this method. After the peeling, the dry transport method, that is, the peeled seedlings and seaweed or seaweed soaked in seawater are layered and transported into rigid containers such as glass steel drums. The temperature is controlled to below 20°C during the transportation and is required during the shipping process. Anti-dry, rain, sun, transport time can be used within 10h this method. Water transport method, that is, seedlings are stripped and transported in glass steel drums. The depth of sea water in the barrel is 1/3 of the height of the barrel wall. The appropriate amount of kelp grass is sprinkled on the surface of the water to make the water body oscillate, splash out, and oxygenize; or the seed after peeling off. Put it in a plastic bag with 2/3 volume of seawater, and then transport it by oxygenation. The temperature is controlled below 20°C. The density of the seed is to be filled. The seed length is greater than 3cm and the seed length is not more than 1000. Cubic meters, seed length between 2cm and 3cm is less than 2,000 heads per cubic meter, seed length between 1cm and 2cm is less than 5,000 heads per cubic meter, and transport time can be used within 20 hours.
4. Put the seedlings in the bucket. After diving, the seedlings should be withdrawn by hand evenly on the stones and tiles. The starting point of the hand is about 10cm away from the water. This will not only increase the survival rate of the seedlings, but also It is possible to maintain the effective breeding of benthic diatoms in the water.
Third, develop management and precautions
1. Develop management to do regular water quality monitoring, control water temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, pH, and other indicators, regulate and control the color, transparency and the type and quantity of plankton in the water; breeders should regularly visit the pool every day to observe the thorns. Participating in the survival, growth, feeding, defecation and other conditions. If water leakage or abnormal growth of sea cucumber is found, it is necessary to take necessary measures in terms of water quality control, feed, etc., so as to ensure safe production and take preventive measures.
In terms of water quality management, the principle of multi-fed water drainage is mainly grasped before mid-June. The specific approach is to drain water 10 cm per day and water 15 cm. When the water temperature reached 18°C, the amount of water changed per day was adjusted to 20% by adding water. In the high-temperature period, the water level must not only maintain the highest water level, but also the daily water exchange volume must reach more than 50%. For a high-yield, high-yield pool, an aerator or a water pump is required for internal circulation, and daily oxygenation and internal circulation are performed 2 to 3 times, each for 2 hours to 3 hours, and mainly at night.
In feeding, most of the pond cultured sea apostichopus japonicus is rarely fed, relying mainly on natural food organisms, feeding on monocytic algae, benthic diatoms, organic debris, and corroded small animal carcasses. Under high-density culture conditions, seaweed meal, fish meal and sea cucumber stimulating compound feed can be fed in an appropriate amount. The fed amount is generally about 3% of the body weight of sea cucumber and is fed once every 3 days to 4 days. In the period of time after the sea cucumber seedlings enter the pond until the summer sleep, there are abundant benthic diatoms in the pond. The food of the sea cucumber is more abundant, and it is generally fed once a week. In general, the timing of feeding is: before mid-June, it is generally fed once a week; from mid-June to early-October, it is not fed; after the beginning of October, it is fed every 3 to 4 days. Times.
2. Precautions 1. Prevent rainwater from pouring back. The sea cucumber is a narrow-salt animal, summer rain inflow, the salinity of the water in the pond drops sharply, it is very easy to cause the sea cucumber fester, and even death, so the rainy season should promptly drain the surface fresh water, and increase the water exchange, keep the salt water The degree is above 26‰. Second, we must prevent the decay of sea vegetables and seagrasses in the pool. The decay of large algae, seagrass, and residual bait in the pond can cause partial oxygen depletion at the bottom of the pond, coupled with slow action of the sea cucumber and summer dormancy. It can not quickly escape the bad environment and often cause death, so it is necessary to remove the pool in time. Include debris to keep the water in the pool clean. Third, we must prevent the water temperature in the pool from rising dramatically. If the water temperature exceeds 30°C for more than 48 hours, it is very easy to cause spurs to rot. Therefore, measures must be taken to increase water depth, maximize water exchange, shading, and cooling. Fourth, pay attention to wintering management. After icing on the surface of the water in winter, it is necessary to clear the snow in time and play ice eyes on the ice to facilitate the propagation of basic food organisms and increase the dissolved oxygen in the water. Fifth, we must maintain the appropriate transparency and color of water. Tai Chi water is not conducive to the growth and development of sea cucumber, from time to time into the pool appropriate amount of chicken manure, chemical fertilizer, to breed basic food organisms, reduce the transparency of the water, so that the sea cucumber to avoid direct light and improve the habitat of sea cucumber.
IV. Disease Prevention
1. Rotten skin disease (commonly known as "chemical skin") Symptoms are skin irritation of sea cucumber, and the death of the body. Diseases are due to food contamination, organic pollution, oil pollution, inorganic pollution, heavy metals, pH fluctuations, and water quality (salinity is reduced below 17 )). Treatment: Diver into the water, collect sea cucumber, put in 50ppm antibacterial liquid Chinese medicine bath for about 0.5 hours, and then into the pool. Chemical and organic pollution will stop changing the water and strengthen the internal circulation. Water can be changed after the pollution is removed. When the rainy season and fresh water are injected in large quantities, the water should be changed earlier and the amount of water changed.
2. Red tide, Kuroshio tide, and the three tides of yellow tide must be prevented in advance. When the transparency of the water reaches 0.5m or less, prevention and control must be carried out. Control methods: splash lime, when the depth of the pool water is about 1.5m, 40kg/mu quick lime is crushed into powder, evenly spread Fall in the pool, harmless to sea cucumber. The 2 ppm to 4 ppm formaldehyde is uniformly sprayed on the surface of the pond, and the eutrophication of the water disappears, which is harmless to the sea cucumber. It is better to use the two in combination with stages, but they cannot be mixed.
3. The enemy biological organism, sea cucumber, has strong vitality and strong resistance to stress, but the seed whose seedling length is less than 5cm is easily damaged by crabs and goby, sea bream, Japanese quail, excessive algae, etc. Longer than 10cm, less harmful. The fierce leech is an important predator of the seedlings less than 3 cm in length. The drug for killing the fierce leech is mainly trichlorfon and can be used in small water bodies for intermediate cultivation. The application concentration is 2 ppm to 3 ppm.
V. Harvest Processing The sea cucumber breeding season is mainly spring, followed by autumn. Collection specifications should be based on market demand, the current market demand for product specifications for the 4 head / kg ~ 6 heads / kg, individual large individuals reach 400g / head ~ 500g / head. The fishing method is generally artificial diving and fishing, adopting a wheel catching method, catching big and small, and keeping a small amount of seedlings every year according to the amount of stichopus pond and reasonable stocking density.
Stichopus can be eaten fresh, that is, with boiling water suffocating hot 2 hours, cooling slices after adding seasoning instant. The ginseng collected from the head and back was cut into 3cm to 4cm small mouths, and the viscera was drained, thoroughly boiled in fresh water, marinated in saturated salt water, cooked in salt for a few days, and thoroughly dried with grayish ash. The nutritional value of the gonads and ginseng of sea cucumber is higher than that of sea cucumber, which can be processed by pickling.
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