Application of Organic Fertilizer in Vegetable Production
Organic fertilizers are mainly derived from animals and have special effects in providing plants with comprehensive nutrients and improved soil properties. Because it generally does not contain synthetic chemicals, it is considered to be the only fertilizer that produces organic foods, and it is also the preferred high-quality fertilizer for producing pollution-free agricultural products. However, in the current vegetable production, people often neglect the treatment of organic fertilizers or improper application methods, which has adversely affected the production of vegetables and the ecological environment. The newspaper also often receives calls from farmers' friends and asks how to apply organic fertilizers correctly. Now Nanjing Agricultural University Ni Hongzheng article on the use of organic fertilizer published for your reference!
Commonly used organic fertilizers on vegetables and their characteristics
In 1990, the Ministry of Agriculture investigated the national organic fertilizer resources. Based on the resource characteristics, nature functions, and accumulation methods of organic fertilizers, the organic fertilizers were classified as manure fertilizer, heap fertilizer, straw fertilizer, green manure, soil fertilizer, and cake fertilizer. There are 10 types of marine fertilizers, humic acids, agricultural town waste products and biogas fertilizers. Six kinds of organic fertilizers (excluding organic fertilizers) commonly used on vegetables are introduced and their quality characteristics are described. The effective fertilizer in each organic fertilizer is shown in the table below.
Table: Effective Fertilizer Content Types of Organic Fertilizers Organic matter content Nitrogen content Phosphorus content Potassium content Human excreta 5-10% 0.5-0.8% 0.2-0.4% 0.2-0.3% Pig manure 25% 0.45% 0.2% 0.6% Horse manure 25% 0.58% 0.28% 0.53% sheep manure 32% 0.83% 0.23% 0.67% poultry manure 25% 1.63% 1.50% 0.85% straw compost 15-25% 0.4-0.5% 0.18-0.26% 0.45-0.7%
The organic matter content of human waste and urine is lower, phosphorus and potassium are also less, but the nitrogen content is more and the carbon to nitrogen ratio is small, easy to decompose, the utilization rate is higher, and the fertilizer effect is rapid. It is called fine fertilizer, and is often used as available nitrogen fertilizer (for water 3 Sprinkle around pouring). Due to the presence of certain salts, one dose should not be excessive. Human waste should be stored in a special cylinder and stamped. A small amount of bitter fleas should be added. It should be stored for two months in summer and one month in spring and autumn.
Pig manure pig manure is pig manure plus litter accumulation of manure, containing more organic matter and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium ratio of about 2:1:3, fine texture, carbon and nitrogen ratio Small, easy to decompose, fertilizer efficiency is relatively fast, is a relatively balanced high-quality complete fertilizer, mostly as a base fertilizer in autumn or early spring. In the accumulation of fertilizers, straws and washers are often used, and after the ring is opened, the outside of the heap will be used for a period of time before it is cooked.
There are few active ingredients in mandarin horse fat horses (fungus and donkeys), and fertilizer quality is relatively high. Horse mane is loose in texture and can produce high temperature in the process of accumulation. It is a hot fertilizer and has a rapid fertilizer effect. It is generally not used alone, but is mixed with pig manure, and is mostly used as base fertilizer in early spring or autumn. Keeping the heap tight, it takes a long time for the heap to slowly ferment to prevent loss of nutrients.
The sheep manure is fine in texture, less in water, and rich in fertilizer. It has slightly higher caloric characteristics than horse manure, and it is a good fertilizer with both late and fast. Sheep manure has wide applicability and can be used as basal fertilizer or topdressing fertilizer. It is suitable for top-dressing of crops such as melon and melon. Convenient heaping, easy to decompose, pay attention to rain shower can be.
Poultry manure has high nutrient content (geese is slightly lower due to higher water content), more nitrogen and phosphorus, more balanced nutrients, and is easily decomposed and ripe. It is a hot fertilizer and can be used as base fertilizer and top dressing. It is better as seed bed fertilizer. Poultry contains a certain amount of calcium, but the lack of magnesium, should pay attention to the application of other fertilizers.
Straw compost has a high ratio of carbon to nitrogen and is a thermal fertilizer. It has slow decomposition, but it has long-lasting fertilizer effect. Long-term application can play a role in soil improvement. Compost has a wide applicability and is mostly used as base fertilizer. Accumulation of compost should pay attention to the control of water in the 60-75%, appropriate ventilation, plus some manure to adjust the carbon-nitrogen ratio.
Scientific application of organic fertilizer
Organic fertilizers play an important role in providing complete nutrition for vegetables, stimulating vegetable growth, improving the ability of drought resistance and drought resistance of vegetables, promoting the reproduction of soil microorganisms, improving soil structure, enhancing soil fertility, supplying fertilizer and buffering capacity, and increasing fertilizer utilization efficiency. Therefore, the scientific application of organic fertilizer is particularly important in the production of vegetables.
Organic fertilizer must be fully cooked. Organic waste such as livestock and poultry excreta and crop stalks may contain more pathogens, eggs, and grass seeds, which can easily cause pests and diseases in vegetables. In addition, they can also spread diseases that are harmful to human health through vegetables. In addition, organic waste directly applied will be further fermented in the field, competing for oxygen with vegetable roots, generating a lot of heat, and easily causing burning of seedlings. Therefore, it is advisable to use sufficiently mature organic fertilizers to minimize the above-mentioned harmful phenomena. If semi-mature organic fertilizer is applied, it should keep a certain distance from the root system.
Appropriate amount of organic fertilizer application. The maximum application amount of organic fertilizer should be based on the nutritional needs of the crop. The contents of nutrients such as cake fertilizer and chicken manure are relatively high. The one-time application of base fertilizer is too large, which can easily lead to fertilizer damage, promote soil nitrification, and increase nitrate content in vegetables. Therefore, composting with chicken manure as the base fertilizer, melon, watermelon, tomatoes, beans and other less fat vegetables generally should not exceed 500 kilograms per mu, cucumber, eggplant, pepper and other multi-fertilizer vegetables generally should not exceed 1000 per mu. kg.
Organic fertilizer application should be reasonable. Appropriate application of organic fertilizers and organic fertilizers, organic fertilizers and chemical fertilizers can give full play to the advantages of combination of slow and effective fertilizers and regulate the growth and quality of vegetables. For example, sheep manure has the highest nutrient content in livestock manure, decomposition rate is faster, and fertilizer efficiency is more fierce. In order to achieve stable fertility, pig manure or cow manure should be added to sheep manure; human excrement is a fast-acting organic fertilizer. It should be accompanied by crude organic fertilizers and phosphorus and potash fertilizers. Some organic fertilizers have a high ratio of carbon to nitrogen. After application, the soil microorganisms compete with the crops for nitrogen and cause nitrogen deficiency. Therefore, appropriate amount of chemical nitrogen fertilizer is required. The application of organic fertilizer with phosphate fertilizer is beneficial to increase the fertilizer efficiency of phosphate fertilizer, and the application of organic fertilizer with biological fertilizer is also beneficial to improve fertilizer efficiency.
Organic fertilizer application should pay attention to methods. Some organic fertilizers have long effects and slow nutrient release. Generally, they should be used as basal fertilizers. Combined with deep plowing, they are conducive to soil infiltration, promote the formation of water-stable aggregates, and effectively improve the soil. When quick-acting organic fertilizers are applied during crop growth, they should be applied with ditching or digging pits. After application, they should be covered with soil and must not be sprinkled on the surface. Leaf vegetables are generally not suitable for spraying organic fertilizer. (Ni Hongzheng)![]()
Commonly used organic fertilizers on vegetables and their characteristics
In 1990, the Ministry of Agriculture investigated the national organic fertilizer resources. Based on the resource characteristics, nature functions, and accumulation methods of organic fertilizers, the organic fertilizers were classified as manure fertilizer, heap fertilizer, straw fertilizer, green manure, soil fertilizer, and cake fertilizer. There are 10 types of marine fertilizers, humic acids, agricultural town waste products and biogas fertilizers. Six kinds of organic fertilizers (excluding organic fertilizers) commonly used on vegetables are introduced and their quality characteristics are described. The effective fertilizer in each organic fertilizer is shown in the table below.
Table: Effective Fertilizer Content Types of Organic Fertilizers Organic matter content Nitrogen content Phosphorus content Potassium content Human excreta 5-10% 0.5-0.8% 0.2-0.4% 0.2-0.3% Pig manure 25% 0.45% 0.2% 0.6% Horse manure 25% 0.58% 0.28% 0.53% sheep manure 32% 0.83% 0.23% 0.67% poultry manure 25% 1.63% 1.50% 0.85% straw compost 15-25% 0.4-0.5% 0.18-0.26% 0.45-0.7%
The organic matter content of human waste and urine is lower, phosphorus and potassium are also less, but the nitrogen content is more and the carbon to nitrogen ratio is small, easy to decompose, the utilization rate is higher, and the fertilizer effect is rapid. It is called fine fertilizer, and is often used as available nitrogen fertilizer (for water 3 Sprinkle around pouring). Due to the presence of certain salts, one dose should not be excessive. Human waste should be stored in a special cylinder and stamped. A small amount of bitter fleas should be added. It should be stored for two months in summer and one month in spring and autumn.
Pig manure pig manure is pig manure plus litter accumulation of manure, containing more organic matter and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium ratio of about 2:1:3, fine texture, carbon and nitrogen ratio Small, easy to decompose, fertilizer efficiency is relatively fast, is a relatively balanced high-quality complete fertilizer, mostly as a base fertilizer in autumn or early spring. In the accumulation of fertilizers, straws and washers are often used, and after the ring is opened, the outside of the heap will be used for a period of time before it is cooked.
There are few active ingredients in mandarin horse fat horses (fungus and donkeys), and fertilizer quality is relatively high. Horse mane is loose in texture and can produce high temperature in the process of accumulation. It is a hot fertilizer and has a rapid fertilizer effect. It is generally not used alone, but is mixed with pig manure, and is mostly used as base fertilizer in early spring or autumn. Keeping the heap tight, it takes a long time for the heap to slowly ferment to prevent loss of nutrients.
The sheep manure is fine in texture, less in water, and rich in fertilizer. It has slightly higher caloric characteristics than horse manure, and it is a good fertilizer with both late and fast. Sheep manure has wide applicability and can be used as basal fertilizer or topdressing fertilizer. It is suitable for top-dressing of crops such as melon and melon. Convenient heaping, easy to decompose, pay attention to rain shower can be.
Poultry manure has high nutrient content (geese is slightly lower due to higher water content), more nitrogen and phosphorus, more balanced nutrients, and is easily decomposed and ripe. It is a hot fertilizer and can be used as base fertilizer and top dressing. It is better as seed bed fertilizer. Poultry contains a certain amount of calcium, but the lack of magnesium, should pay attention to the application of other fertilizers.
Straw compost has a high ratio of carbon to nitrogen and is a thermal fertilizer. It has slow decomposition, but it has long-lasting fertilizer effect. Long-term application can play a role in soil improvement. Compost has a wide applicability and is mostly used as base fertilizer. Accumulation of compost should pay attention to the control of water in the 60-75%, appropriate ventilation, plus some manure to adjust the carbon-nitrogen ratio.
Scientific application of organic fertilizer
Organic fertilizers play an important role in providing complete nutrition for vegetables, stimulating vegetable growth, improving the ability of drought resistance and drought resistance of vegetables, promoting the reproduction of soil microorganisms, improving soil structure, enhancing soil fertility, supplying fertilizer and buffering capacity, and increasing fertilizer utilization efficiency. Therefore, the scientific application of organic fertilizer is particularly important in the production of vegetables.
Organic fertilizer must be fully cooked. Organic waste such as livestock and poultry excreta and crop stalks may contain more pathogens, eggs, and grass seeds, which can easily cause pests and diseases in vegetables. In addition, they can also spread diseases that are harmful to human health through vegetables. In addition, organic waste directly applied will be further fermented in the field, competing for oxygen with vegetable roots, generating a lot of heat, and easily causing burning of seedlings. Therefore, it is advisable to use sufficiently mature organic fertilizers to minimize the above-mentioned harmful phenomena. If semi-mature organic fertilizer is applied, it should keep a certain distance from the root system.
Appropriate amount of organic fertilizer application. The maximum application amount of organic fertilizer should be based on the nutritional needs of the crop. The contents of nutrients such as cake fertilizer and chicken manure are relatively high. The one-time application of base fertilizer is too large, which can easily lead to fertilizer damage, promote soil nitrification, and increase nitrate content in vegetables. Therefore, composting with chicken manure as the base fertilizer, melon, watermelon, tomatoes, beans and other less fat vegetables generally should not exceed 500 kilograms per mu, cucumber, eggplant, pepper and other multi-fertilizer vegetables generally should not exceed 1000 per mu. kg.
Organic fertilizer application should be reasonable. Appropriate application of organic fertilizers and organic fertilizers, organic fertilizers and chemical fertilizers can give full play to the advantages of combination of slow and effective fertilizers and regulate the growth and quality of vegetables. For example, sheep manure has the highest nutrient content in livestock manure, decomposition rate is faster, and fertilizer efficiency is more fierce. In order to achieve stable fertility, pig manure or cow manure should be added to sheep manure; human excrement is a fast-acting organic fertilizer. It should be accompanied by crude organic fertilizers and phosphorus and potash fertilizers. Some organic fertilizers have a high ratio of carbon to nitrogen. After application, the soil microorganisms compete with the crops for nitrogen and cause nitrogen deficiency. Therefore, appropriate amount of chemical nitrogen fertilizer is required. The application of organic fertilizer with phosphate fertilizer is beneficial to increase the fertilizer efficiency of phosphate fertilizer, and the application of organic fertilizer with biological fertilizer is also beneficial to improve fertilizer efficiency.
Organic fertilizer application should pay attention to methods. Some organic fertilizers have long effects and slow nutrient release. Generally, they should be used as basal fertilizers. Combined with deep plowing, they are conducive to soil infiltration, promote the formation of water-stable aggregates, and effectively improve the soil. When quick-acting organic fertilizers are applied during crop growth, they should be applied with ditching or digging pits. After application, they should be covered with soil and must not be sprinkled on the surface. Leaf vegetables are generally not suitable for spraying organic fertilizer. (Ni Hongzheng)
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