Autumn cabbage cultivation techniques

Autumn Chinese cabbage is the main bulk vegetable species for winter storage in the north of China's Huaihe River, especially in the northeast and north China. It has a large storage capacity, a wide range, and a long edible period. Therefore, it is sufficient to plant and plant good autumn cabbage. The supply of vegetables in the winter market in the region is very important.

1. Variety selection Qiubao cabbage cultivation generally adopts mid-to-late-maturing varieties with resistance to disease, good nodulation, resistance to storage, and fertility of 85 to 110 days, such as Beijing 106, Beijing Xin No. 1, Beijing New No. 2, Beijing New No. 3, Beijing New No. 4, Beijing New No. 5, Shandong No. 4, Qingza No. 5, Lubai No. 1, Taiyuan No. 2, Lions Head, Zhongshitou, Double Lions, and Tianjin Qingma Leaf.

2. Soil cultivation

(1) The roots of Chinese cabbage are mainly distributed in the shallow soil layer. There are well-developed parallel lateral roots and reticular roots, while the deep soil roots are underdeveloped. In order to promote the development of the root system in the shallow soil and increase the distribution of the deep soil roots as much as possible, the soil should be plowed. For plots prepared for Chinese cabbage, it is best to deep-flip after harvest in the autumn of the previous year, and apply a lot of farmyard manure, use winter frozen to improve soil physical properties, and conduct nutrient decomposition to cultivate fertility. As for the question of whether cultivated land is harvested after harvesting, it depends on the flexibility of processing time. If spring crops can be harvested earlier, such as zucchini, garlic, cabbage, and wheat, they will have been harvested more than one month before sowing, and they can be ploughed immediately once they are harvested. The depth is about 20 cm. If the spring eel is a crop of tomato, eggplant, cucumber, and legume, the ladle is lagging behind and sowed only a few days before sowing the cabbage. At this time, do not plow deeply so as not to overfill the soil after heavy rain, which will delay the timing. Very late crops are pulled up, because time is tight and they can also be planted directly on ridges. This should be handled flexibly. The use of no-deep ploughing soil conditioners can solve the above problems. When not in agriculture, they can implement less no-tillage and deep plowing.

Before planting Chinese cabbage, it is also very important to level the land. If the ground is uneven and the water is uneven, the plants cannot grow in unison. If water is not poured in high places, it will cause virus disease at the seedling stage, and it will also cause trees to be thrown off due to insufficient watering. This will result in poor balling; at low points, because there is often water accumulation, the seedlings will not grow or grow very slowly. It will also cause soft rot and black rot in the ball stage. Therefore, we must not act rashly to level land.

(2) Shiji Chinese cabbage has a long growth period and a large amount of growth. It requires a large amount of fertilizers for farms with long-lasting fertilizers and strong soil fertility. In the north, there are “a thousand kilograms of mu produce, and ten thousand catties of mu.” Of course, if the fertilizer is of good quality, it can be applied less. In the large-scale application of nitrogen-containing fertilizers, attention should be paid to the application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers. In general, 25 to 30 kg of superphosphate and 100 kg of ash are used per mu. After the basal fertilizer is applied, the cultivator can be used to mix the basal fertilizer with the soil evenly.

(3) You can do it after doing the land formation. According to the specific conditions of the local soil to determine pod type. In areas with good soil conditions, high ridges (ridges) should be used. The use of stilts can save labor and improve labor efficiency. Sorghum has convenient irrigation, convenient drainage and good ventilation and light transmission between the lines, which can reduce the incidence of frost and soft rot in Chinese cabbage. The distance of sorghum in Beijing is 56-60 cm and the height of beak is 30-40 cm. Wuhan is mainly used. The form of ridges with high ridges and narrow walls is 1.2 to 1.3 meters in ridge distance, 0.8 to 0.9 meters in ridge width, 40 meters in width (drainage and irrigation), and 30 to 40 centimeters in ridge height.

3. The yield of reasonably densely planted Chinese cabbage is determined by the weight of the individual plant and the number of groups. In other words, on the unit area, it is necessary to grow enough plants and make each individual plant grow to a certain weight, so as to obtain high yield. Thin plants, although the weight of a single plant is high, but the total yield is not high; too close planting, although the number of plants is large, but the weight of a single plant is light, but also affect the yield and quality. Therefore, proper close planting is an important technical measure for increasing the yield of Chinese cabbage.

4. Planting methods

(1) There are two ways of live broadcast and seedcasting. Drilling is based on a predetermined spacing, open a shallow ditch about 1 cm deep, soak the water until the water seeps into the soil, spread the seeds evenly in the ditch, and then cover the soil. In some areas, soil is soft and the weather is dry. The sowing is to open 10 to 15 centimeters long and 1 centimeter deep shallow points according to the spacing of the scheduled rows. After pouring enough water, sow more than 10 seeds in each small hole, then cover the soil. Generally about 100-150 grams per acre sowing seed, seed sowing with 50 to 100 grams.

(2) Nursery Transplanting Seedling transplanting is another main mode of Chinese cabbage cultivation. In this way, it is possible to more rationally arrange the mouthwash and extend the harvest period of the Chinese cabbage beforehand, without delaying the growth of Chinese cabbage. Use a small amount of nursery to raise seedlings in advance, which greatly improves land utilization. At the same time, intensive seedling cultivation also facilitates seedling management, rationally arranging the labor force, and saving the amount of seed used. However, transplanting seedlings is more time-consuming and requires a slow seedling period after planting. This delays the growth of the plants, and the roots are easily injured when transplanted, which can lead to the occurrence of soft rot in the seedling stage.

In order to raise seedlings and transplant plants, we must first select the land with high topography, well-drained water, and fertile soil. The former has not been planted with a bed of cruciferous vegetables. Nursery areas should be sun-dried as soon as possible, so that the soil full sun and weathering. When growing seedlings, they should be made flat, 1 to 1.5 meters wide and 10 meters long. Each pod should be immersed in 150 kg of decomposed, high-quality farmyard fertilizer, mixed with 0.5 kg of ammonium sulphate and superphosphate, and then pulverized the boring soil twice to make the soil fertilize and mix thoroughly. plot. In order to reduce the temperature and prevent rain, it is best to take a shed above the seedlings. Seedlings, seedlings, and sowing are often seeded. The seed is spread evenly over the flat surface, then covered with 1 to 2 centimeters, and the covered fine soil is scraped. After planting, you should have three waters. Immediately after emergence, seedlings should be grown to prevent leggy. When the true leaf grows, the first seedling can be carried out, the seedling distance is 6 to 7 cm; the second seedling is carried when there are 2 to 3 leaves, and one seedling is 6.7 cm per 6.7 cm for transplanting. When you cut it. Each acre of land area, about 30 meters 2 about the nursery. According to this standard, the area of ​​nursery pots required for the cultivated Chinese cabbage plots can be calculated. Since seedling transplanting requires a slow seedling process, seeding time for seedling shoots should be 3 to 4 days earlier than direct seeding. It is better to use seedlings for nutrition and high survival rate for transplanting.

Transplanting seedlings should not be too large, seedlings are too large to survive. According to transplanting sooner or later, can be divided into two kinds of small seedling transplanting and seedling transplanting. The seedlings were transplanted, ie, the seedlings were not subjected to thinning after unearthing. When there were 2 to 3 true leaves, 3 to 4 plants were transplanted as a bundle. When the transplanting is started, the soil shall be dug and then transplanted to the production field according to the predetermined spacing. The depth of transplanting should be consistent with the level of the original bandits. Because the seedlings are small and the weather is hot during transplanting, they should be transplanted, watered, and watered immediately after planting a plot to ensure the survival of the seedlings. After transplanting to survive, the extra seedlings were between. The management method will be the same as that of live Chinese cabbage. The transplanting of large seedlings was carried out by transplanting single plants when the Chinese cabbage had 5 to 6 leaves. The day before transplanting, water should be poured into the nursery seedlings and the seedlings should be raised the next day. When digging seedlings, each vegetable seedling should bring 6.7 cm of soil to reduce root damage. When planting, first dig a hole with a shovel in the planting pot according to the prescribed spacing, and then plant the seedlings in the hole, then cover the hole. Immediately after planting, you should pour enough water, and then pour a water every other day to help ease seedlings. When the soil is seen, the cultivator can loosen the soil. The management method of vegetable seedlings after they have grown and grows is the same as that of live cabbage.

5. Field management

(1) Seedlings, supplementary seedlings, and fixed seedlings are prevented from being overcrowded by seedlings. Usually 2 to 3 times, respectively, in the pull cross, 2 to 3 tablets in the leaves, 5 to 6 tablets of the middle leaves. When the seedlings grow to 20 to 26 days, when they reach the stage of the bolus, the seedlings are planted at the predetermined spacing. The plant spacing depends on the variety, water and fertilizer conditions, generally about 50 cm in medium-sized varieties, about 60 cm in large-sized varieties. Missing strains should be promptly filled. It is best to fill the seedlings with watering or raining, and take the extra seedlings to plant. Cabbage is generally not sowing because of delayed seedling growth. When thinning and setting seedlings, young and vigorously seedlings with the characteristics of this variety should be selected and removed as soon as possible.

(2) Intertillage, earth-cultivation, and interplanting were carried out in combination with seedlings for three times of cultivating, and were carried out after the second inter-seedling, the post-seedling and the middle of the rosette. The cultivator is based on the principle of "shallow, shallow, deep, and triple." The cultivation of high ridges should follow the principle of “deep sewers and shallow backs” and combine cultivators for weeding. The soil is cultivated in the ridges and ridges of the sloping earth, so as to facilitate the protection of the root system and the smoothness of the ditch, facilitating drainage and irrigation.

(3) Water and Fertilizer Management

1 Water and fertilizer management water during germination is one of the indispensable conditions for seed germination. Chinese cabbage seeds are in a high temperature stage and they are easy to pick up as soon as possible. Therefore, we must pay attention to prevent buds and buds from steaming. Especially in dry years, we must pay attention to watering in order to meet the requirements for seed unearthing and cooling. The northern vegetable farmers attached great importance to watering during the germination period. In particular, they promoted the autumn and winter Chinese cabbage cultivation experience of “three-water seedlings” to accelerate the emergence rate and prevent diseases, especially viral diseases. The so-called "three waters Qimiao" refers to the fall and winter cabbage on the day of sowing a water, top soil and water, out of a water. Of course, the “three waters” is not absolute, if it is rainy, it will be cloudy or rainy, and it will be less or not. The provinces (autonomous regions) in the south are in high temperature autumn dry season, and watering should also be noted. Should pay attention to the case of heavy rain should pay attention to flood control.

In order to promote the growth of seedlings, especially in the case of poor fertility, insufficient basal fertilizer, and insufficient growth period, a small amount of seed fertilizer should be applied to promote seedling development and enhance disease resistance. Generally, 5 ~ 7.5 kg ammonium sulfate is applied per mu. Other fertilizers are also available, which can be increased or decreased according to the size of the fertilizer effect. Fertilizer should be sprinkled on the surface before sowing and mixed with the soil.

2 Seedling stage water and fertilizer management Seedling stage growth is not large, relatively speaking, the water and fertilizer requirements are relatively small. However, due to the underdeveloped root system of the seedlings, the ability to absorb water and fertilizer is weak, and at this time it is in the high temperature season. Therefore, it is necessary to supply enough water and nutrients in time according to the climate change. In the northern region, the "Drinking Water in Five Waters" is advocated in the drought year. The so-called "five-water establishment of trees" is based on the "three waters and seedlings," and the fourth and fifth water are poured after the seedlings and the seedlings, respectively. The frequency of watering at the seedling stage can not be used mechanically. It should be determined according to the specific conditions of the climate and soil moisture conditions. In dry years, it may be necessary to re-water 4 to 5 times.

Due to the shallow root distribution during the seedling stage of Chinese cabbage, the basal fertilizer effect is slow, and the young root can not be used in time. Therefore, it should be combined with watering to raise the seedling fertilizer. The fertilizer amount is 7.5 kg of ammonium sulfate per acre. In addition, some weak seedlings should be applied to some chemical fertilizers to make it catch up with big seedlings. Fertilizer is best not applied to the soil surface, but should be buried in trenches to increase fertilizer efficiency. Fertilizer should be applied at a distance of 5 cm from the root to prevent watering. After fertilization, water should be applied immediately.

3 Water and fertilizer management in rosette stage Rosette stage is a period in which a large number of Chinese cabbage roots occur and the growth of the leaf grows sharply. It is also the basic period for the formation of a large leaf ball, and therefore it is also a time when more water and fertilizer are needed. At this time, it is the epidemic of downy mildew. The occurrence of downy mildew requires two conditions of proper temperature and proper humidity. Although the temperature of the open ground cannot be controlled, the humidity can be solved by controlling the watering. Therefore, watering during the rosette period should be properly controlled so that the soil “see dry and wet”. In the middle of the rosette stage, a large amount of water can be poured, and then a deep cultivator (third cultivator) is used once again, and then the seedlings can be controlled for 10 to 15 days. The above is a traditional practice. In recent years, downy mildew has been basically controlled due to improvements in cultivation techniques, such as the implementation of large and small lines and the improvement of disease prevention measures.

During the rosette period, 15 to 20 kg of ammonium sulfate can be applied per acre, and 1,000 kg of high-quality organic fertilizer can also be topdressed. Because the Chinese cabbage in the rosette stage has not been ridged, the top dressing should not be applied to the surface and should be buried to increase fertilizer efficiency.

(4) Diseases and Insect Pests The main diseases of Chinese cabbage are virus disease, downy mildew, white spot disease and soft rot. Watering at the seedling stage to prevent virus disease; Controlling downy mildew with 40% diethylaluminophosphate 300 times and 70% mancozeb 500 times; Controlling with 25% carbendazim 500 times or 70% mancozeb White spot, control soft rot with 150 ml/l streptomycin sulfate. The major pests of Chinese cabbage include yellow-trickle-leaf worms, aphids, cabbage caterpillars, cabbage night worms, and earthworms. When the seedlings are unearthed, the pesticide is used to prevent and control the worms in time, and 120-150 kg of disinfestation powder or 90% of trichlorfon 100 times per hectare is used. At the seedling stage, attention was paid to the control of aphids, which were treated with 40% dimethoate emulsion 2500 times. During the growing period of Chinese cabbage, attention should also be paid to the control of Pieris rapae and Brassica oleracea. The BT emulsion can be used before the third instar, with 3 to 4.5 kg per hectare, adding 750 kg of water, spraying once every 7 days, and spraying twice. Or use enemy killing, rapid killing 1500 times liquid to control. From late August to early September, 100 times of dipterex liquid was used to irrigate the roots 1 to 2 times. Before the harvest, we must pay attention to the warmer weather, locusts prone to occur, once the occurrence of rapid elimination.

Autumn cabbage grows for a long time and can be sprayed with 0.01% alizarin 481 at the seedling stage and the shoot stage respectively, which can significantly increase the yield.

6. Harvest Chinese cabbage timely after harvest.

The southern region is generally harvested in mid-December, the Huanghuai region is harvested in mid- and late-November, the North China region is harvested in early November, and the Northeast region is harvested at the end of September and early 10th.

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