1. Breeding Density
In artificial breeding systems, it is expected that the yield per unit area will be higher compared to natural conditions. However, this yield is closely related to both individual growth rates and the density of the population. To maximize output, breeding density must be increased within certain limits. Yet, if the density becomes too high, it can lead to slower growth and reduced reproductive performance among individuals. The ideal breeding density varies depending on factors such as the size of the organisms, feed quality, management practices, and environmental temperature. Therefore, selecting an appropriate density requires careful consideration of these variables. For example, when feed is abundant and management is efficient, a higher density may be feasible. Conversely, lower density is preferable under less favorable conditions. During the pupal stage, higher densities are often acceptable, especially if the goal is to maximize protein production. On the other hand, for breeding purposes, a slightly lower density might be more beneficial to promote better reproduction.
2. Temperature Control and Regulation
Temperature plays a crucial role in the metabolism, growth, and egg-laying capacity of earthworms. The optimal temperature range for egg production is typically between 21°C and 25°C. When temperatures fall below this range, egg-laying decreases significantly. Within the optimal range, increasing the temperature can enhance egg production. However, once the temperature exceeds 25°C, the number of eggs laid begins to decline. With proper temperature control, earthworms can grow and reproduce continuously throughout the year, making it a key factor in successful breeding programs.
3. Humidity Control and Adjustment
Earthworms thrive in environments with suitable moisture levels. For instance, species like *Lumbricus rubellus* and *Eisenia fetida* require soil moisture around 30%, while others such as *Aiko Ai Sheng* and *Daping II* prefer organic feed with a moisture content of 60% to 70%. If the feed is too wet, it can reduce oxygen availability in the substrate, leading to poor survival and lower egg production. Excess moisture can also cause eggs to rot or dissolve. In addition, high humidity can create favorable conditions for disease outbreaks, further reducing productivity.
On the other hand, if the moisture level is too low, the feed becomes dry, which hinders feeding activity. It can also cause the worms to lose body fluids, leading to dehydration, metabolic issues, and even cessation of egg-laying. The ideal humidity for hatching is generally between 56% and 66%. Too much humidity or poor ventilation can result in blackened eggs during metamorphosis. In practice, during summer, more water is added to help cool the environment, usually once in the morning and evening. In winter, watering is done less frequently—every 3 to 5 days—to encourage aerobic microbial activity and raise the temperature of the bedding material.
4. pH Value Control and Adjustment
The pH of the diet has a significant impact on the growth and reproduction of earthworms, with an ideal range of 6.8 to 7.6. If the pH is outside this range, adverse effects may occur, such as drying of the body, formation of bead-like structures, shrinkage, dark purple discoloration, reduced sensitivity, and even impaired escape behavior.
Feed materials with high protein content tend to produce ammonia during fermentation, which raises the pH. Conversely, low-protein feeds require a balanced mix of nitrogen and carbon for proper decomposition. Before feeding, it's important to test and adjust the pH if necessary. If the pH is too high, adding carbon-based bait (such as sawdust or straw) can help lower it. If the pH is too low, lime water supernatant (with a pH of around 9) can be used to neutralize the acidity. Maintaining the correct pH ensures a healthy and productive breeding environment.
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