1. Breeding Density
The yield per unit area in artificial breeding is expected to be high, but it is closely related to both individual weight gain and breeding density. To maximize the yield per unit area, breeding density should be increased within reasonable limits. However, if the density becomes too high, it can lead to slower growth and reduced reproductive rates among individuals. The optimal breeding density varies depending on factors such as the size of the organisms, feed quality, management practices, and environmental temperature. Therefore, choosing an appropriate density requires careful consideration of these conditions. For instance, if high-quality feed and efficient management are available, a higher density may be feasible. Otherwise, a lower density is more suitable. During the pupal stage, higher densities can be used, even with smaller pupae. For protein production purposes, higher densities are preferred, while for breeding, a slightly lower density is recommended to support better reproduction.
2. Temperature Control and Regulation
Temperature plays a crucial role in earthworms' metabolism, which directly affects their growth and egg-laying capacity. As previously mentioned, the ideal temperature range for egg-laving is between 21°C and 25°C. If the temperature is too low, the number of eggs laid decreases significantly. Within the optimal range, increasing the temperature generally increases egg production, but once it exceeds 25°C, the number of eggs laid starts to decline. With proper temperature control, earthworms can grow and reproduce throughout the year, ensuring consistent productivity.
3. Humidity Control and Adjustment
Earthworms require a balanced level of humidity to thrive. For example, species like ring soil lice and heterolipa prefer a soil moisture content of around 30%. On the other hand, species such as Aiko Ai Sheng and "Daping II" mainly feed on organic materials, requiring a moisture content of 60% to 70%. If the feed contains too much water, it can reduce oxygen availability in the pores, leading to poor survival. Excess moisture also lowers egg production and can cause eggs to rot or dissolve. In addition, high humidity can create favorable conditions for diseases, which negatively impact overall production.
When the moisture level is too low, the feed becomes dry, making it difficult for earthworms to feed. This can also cause excessive body fluid secretion, leading to dehydration, metabolic issues, and even the cessation of ovulation. The ideal humidity for hatching is typically between 56% and 66%. Too much humidity or poor ventilation can result in blackened eggs during metamorphosis. In practice, watering is done twice daily in summer to help cool the environment, while in winter, watering is reduced to promote the activity of aerobic microorganisms and increase the temperature of the substrate. Watering is usually performed every 3–5 days during colder months.
4. pH Value Control and Adjustment
The pH of the diet has a significant impact on earthworm growth and reproduction, with an optimal range of 6.8 to 7.6. If the pH is too high or too low, adverse effects such as desiccation, shrinkage, darkening of the body, and reduced vitality can occur. These changes can also affect the earthworms’ ability to escape or survive.
Feed materials rich in protein tend to produce ammonia during fermentation, which raises the pH of the substrate. Conversely, low-protein materials require a balanced mix of nitrogen and carbon for effective fermentation. Before feeding, it's essential to test the pH and adjust it if necessary. If the pH is too high, adding carbon-rich bait can help lower it. If the pH is too low, lime water supernatant (with a pH of around 9) can be used to raise it. Maintaining the correct pH ensures a healthy environment for earthworms and supports optimal growth and reproduction.
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