**I. Quarantine and Manual Weeding Measures**
1. Avoid planting or moving seeds from infested areas. Before sowing, carefully select seeds and remove weed seeds, alfalfa grains, and other foreign grains to prevent contamination.
2. Do not use farmyard manure that contains wheat straw or bran in wheat and corn fields, as these can introduce unwanted weeds.
3. In wheat fields with limited weed growth or poor control results, it is essential to completely remove all weeds at the heading stage. This includes weeding both within the field and along roadsides to ensure effective control.
**II. Chemical Weeding**
1. **Herbicide Selection**:
- 3% Shima Oil Suspension (methylsulfuron)
- 3.6% Kwong Shima Water-Dispersible Granules (methylsulfuron + methyl iodosulfuron sodium)
2. **Application Rates**:
- For Shima: 25–30 ml/mu + Safener (with Bao) 75–95 ml/mu (2–3 sets/mu), mixed with 30 kg of water.
- For Kwong Shima: 20–25 ml/mu + Safener (with Bao) 80–100 ml/mu, meaning 2–2.5 sets per mu, using 30 kg of water to target broad-leaved weeds effectively.
3. **Timing of Application**:
- Apply herbicides as early as possible before winter to ensure better weed control and higher safety.
- Ideal timing:
- For winter wheat: 3–6 leaf stage after emergence, and for grass weeds: 2–5 leaf stage (before two tillers appear), which is generally around the Qimiao stage.
- Weather conditions: Best applied on sunny days without frost or heavy rain for at least 4 days. The ideal temperature range is 10–20°C. Apply during midday when light is strong, as this improves absorption within 4 hours. The minimum temperature should not drop below 4°C.
- **Do not apply** if the crops are weak, or if there are conditions such as rain, waterlogging, muddy areas, salinity, crop damage, frost, salt injury, pests, or malnutrition. Also, avoid application if heavy rain or frost occurs within 4 days after treatment, especially if temperatures fall below 3°C.
- Avoid flooding the wheat field 2 days before and after application to prevent phytotoxicity.
4. **Application Method**:
- Mix the herbicide with the safener in a stock solution and pour it into a sprayer filled with water. Stir thoroughly. Each batch should be sprayed with 16 liters of nebulizer water.
- Ensure even spraying at a steady pace. Avoid over-spraying, re-spraying, missing spots, or applying beyond the designated area.
- Optimal water volume: 15–20 liters/mu for motorized sprayers, and 30 liters/mu for manual sprayers.
5. **Important Precautions**:
- Herbicides must be used alone. Do not mix with other herbicides, pesticides, or foliar fertilizers. Avoid mixing with 2,4-D or long-lasting herbicides.
- If many broad-leaved weeds are present, you may spray again 1–2 weeks after applying Shima or Kwong Shima.
- Avoid using herbicides during cold periods in winter or after wheat has jointed, to maintain effectiveness and reduce residual effects on crops.
- Control weeds along field edges and surrounding areas simultaneously.
- Some crop varieties may show temporary yellowing or stunting after application, but this usually disappears naturally as the plants grow. This can help prevent lodging and improve yield.
- Always wear protective gear when spraying: goggles, mask, gloves, and protective clothing. Avoid eating or smoking during application. Wash exposed skin with soap and water before use. If irritation persists, seek medical attention. If the solution gets into your eyes, rinse with water for 15 minutes and consult a doctor.
- Different wheat varieties may react differently. Shima and Kwong Shima are generally safe for most winter wheat varieties in the province, except untested ones. However, they may affect some spring wheat varieties with strong gluten content. Conduct a small-area test first and consult local experts before large-scale use.
**Note**: Herbicides should be used with caution. Improper use can lead to plant damage. Agricultural technicians should fully understand the application details and conduct small-scale safety tests before promoting the technique. Only use them after gaining proper experience and ensuring safety.
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