**I. Quarantine and Manual Weeding Measures**
1. Avoid using seeds from infested areas. Before sowing, carefully select seeds and remove any weed seeds, alfalfa grains, or other foreign grains to prevent contamination.
2. Do not use farmyard manure that contains wheat straw or bran in wheat or corn fields, as these can introduce weeds and reduce crop quality.
3. In wheat fields with sparse weeds or where control has been ineffective, all weeds should be completely removed at the heading stage of the weeds. This includes weeds found both in the field and along roadsides to ensure thorough eradication.
**II. Chemical Weeding**
1. **Herbicide Options:**
- 3% Shima Oil Suspension (methylsulfuron)
- 3.6% Kwong Shima Water Dispersible Granules (methylsulfuron + methyl iodosulfuron sodium)
2. **Application Rates:**
- For Shima: 25–30 ml per mu + safener (with Bao) 75–95 ml per mu (2–3 sets) per mu, mixed with 30 kg of water.
- For Kwong Shima: 20–25 ml per mu + safener (with Bao) 80–100 ml per mu, which is equivalent to 2–2.5 sets per mu, also mixed with 30 kg of water for effective control of broad-leaved weeds.
3. **Timing of Application:**
- Apply herbicides as early as possible before winter to ensure optimal weed control and safety.
- Ideal timing is during the post-emergence stage of winter wheat (3–6 leaves) and grass weeds (2–5 leaves, before two tillers), typically around the Qimiao stage.
- Choose a sunny day with no frost or heavy rain for at least four days. The best temperature range is 10–20°C. Applications are most effective when done in the afternoon when light is strong and temperatures are higher. The herbicide can be absorbed within 4 hours.
- Avoid application if the temperature drops below 4°C. Do not apply if the crop is weak or if there are conditions such as flooding, muddy ground, salinity, damage, frost, pests, or nutritional deficiencies. Also, avoid application if heavy rain or frost occurs within 4 days after treatment, especially if temperatures fall below 3°C. Ensure that the wheat field is not flooded for two days before and after application to prevent phytotoxicity.
4. **Application Method:**
- Mix the herbicide concentrate with the safety agent (safener) into a stock solution, then pour it into a sprayer filled with water and stir thoroughly. Each dose should be sprayed with 16 liters of water.
- Maintain a steady and even spray rate. Avoid over-spraying, re-spraying, missing areas, or spraying beyond the target area. The recommended water volume is 15–20 liters per mu for motorized sprayers and 30 liters per mu for manual sprayers.
5. **Precautions:**
- Herbicides should be used alone and not mixed with other pesticides, herbicides, or foliar fertilizers. Avoid mixing with 2,4-D or long-lasting herbicides.
- If there are many broad-leaved weeds, you may spray again 1–2 weeks after applying Shima or Kwong Shima.
- Avoid using during the cold winter period or after wheat has jointed, to maintain effectiveness and prevent long-term crop damage.
- Be cautious when controlling weeds at field edges and adjacent lands. These areas must also be managed properly.
- Some crops may show temporary yellowing or stunting after application, but this usually resolves naturally as the plant recovers. This can help reduce lodging and increase yield.
- Always wear protective gear, including goggles, masks, gloves, and protective clothing. Avoid eating or smoking while spraying. Wash exposed skin with soap and water before and after use. If irritation persists, seek medical advice. In case of eye contact, rinse with water for 15 minutes and consult a doctor.
- Different wheat varieties may respond differently. Shima and Kwong Shima are generally safe for most winter wheat varieties in the province, but they may affect some spring wheat varieties with high gluten content. Conduct a small-scale test before large-scale use, and consult with local farmers or experts to determine suitability.
**Note:** Herbicides should be used with care. Improper application can cause phytotoxicity. Agricultural technicians should fully understand the details before promoting the technology and conduct small-scale safety tests first. Only use the herbicides after gaining sufficient experience and confidence in their safety.
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