Melon fruit is sweet and delicious. It is the traditional fresh fruit that most of our country's urban and rural people like to eat. The thick-skinned melon has become the best high-grade fruit after meal, and it is also the best-selling fruit on the international market. With the development of the economy and the improvement of people’s living standards, the demand for thick-skinned melons at home and abroad has been increasing. As a result, the production of thick-skinned melons has developed rapidly and the planting area has expanded rapidly. Here, the thick-skinned muskmelon “West Bilotto†is taken as an example to introduce the greenhouse cultivation technology of thick-skinned melon in Shanghai and its neighboring regions.
First, the choice of land thick skin melon melons and continuous crops, Gualou and continuous cropping are prone to blight, in addition to pumpkin, other melon crops for the former plots (especially cucumber), should not be planting melon thick. Rotation (especially for paddy-upland rotation) can effectively prevent the damage caused by soil-borne diseases such as blight and epidemics. In general, the rotation period of dryland is 6-8 years, and that of paddy fields is 2-4 years. Soil selection is generally based on deep plowing, organic-rich, well-drained paddy soil.
Second, do the earthwork
1. Ploughing: Thick-skinned muskmelon requires loose and deep plowing layers. Therefore, the depth of plowing should be 25-30 cm. Deep plowing can thicken loose soil layer, increase soil voids, and activate soil, which is conducive to melon root system. Stretching downwards, expanding the range of absorbing water and nutrients, and reducing pests and diseases. Before planting, the full amount of basal fertilizer should be applied. Phosphorus and potassium fertilizers should be added. It is better to use long-term fertilizer and slow release of farmyard manure. General Mushi rotted farmyard fertilizer 1500 ~ 2000 kg or 100 kg of cake fertilizer, superphosphate 50 kg and 50 kg compound fertilizer.
2. Soil preparation: 6-meter-wide standard sheds are generally made of 2 feet, each of which is 3 meters wide, with a height of 0.2-0.25 meters.
Third, planting seedlings
1. Sowing period: The sowing time of greenhouse cultivation is limited by the temperature in the shed when the greenhouse is planted. When the greenhouse temperature is stable above 12°C, planting can be done. Sowing and growing seedlings are often conducted in warming greenhouses or hotbeds. Shanghai and its neighboring areas are generally sown from mid-January to early February, and the seedling age is controlled at about 30 days.
2, seed treatment: melon seeds can carry a lot of bacteria and viruses, seed treatment before sowing can not only promote seed germination and emergence, but also a good opportunity for seed disinfection. Seed treatment generally uses warm soup to soak seeds, which can kill germs on the surface of seeds and have a certain degree of disinfection. Use warm water of 55-60°C which is equivalent to 3 times the volume of the seed, pour into the container of the seed, stir it while stirring, until the water temperature drops to 30°C, and then soak for 3-4 hours.
3, germination: Seeds after sufficient water absorption, panning clean, with clean moist gauze or towel wrapped, placed under 28-30 °C conditions germination, germination process should pay attention to insulation moisturize and flip the seeds, so that the temperature everywhere The humidity conditions should be consistent as much as possible to avoid excessively low temperatures and uniform germination. The bud length should not exceed 0.5 cm. If the buds are too long, they may be easily bumped or broken when sown, which may affect sprouting. If the weather is not suitable for sowing, the seeds should be spread out in a cool place, covered with a damp cloth, and sown.
4. Preparation of nutritious soil and nutrition production: Using paddy soil without melons, 500 kg of nutritive soil in 1 mu of field, 50 to 100 kg of manure, 2 kg of phosphate fertilizer, and 10 days before sowing, stop using any fertilizer. In order to loosen the soil, it is possible to add fully cooked straw or alfalfa, plant ash or ash. After the nutrient soil is properly prepared, the seedlings will be mounted to protect the root system from breakage.
5, sowing: urging the seeds of each bud a good seed, seed flat, radish down, sowing depth of about 1cm, covered with seed sludge after sowing, gently compacted, in order to reduce the emergence of "wearing hat" phenomenon . The seedlings are arranged neatly in the nursery bed and covered with film insulation.
6, seedlings early spring temperatures, ground temperature is generally low, nursery must take cold, warm and warming measures, and greenhouses in neighboring areas can be used hot nursery nursery, the use of electric heating line can effectively increase soil temperature, and can adjust the temperature as needed.
(1) Electric heating: 60-80 watts per square meter. Wiring method: First level the bottom of the bed, and use 90% of the crystal trichlorfon 800 times at the bottom of the seedbed to pour the soil (to prevent earthworms and other underground pests). Spread a thin layer of straw or rammed earth to insulate the soil. Layer, and then wiring, in order to avoid uneven growth of the seedlings caused by the temperature difference between the four sides of the seedbed and the middle, the two sides of the bed are slightly dense when wiring, the line and the line are 8-10cm apart, the middle is slightly more thin, the line and the line interval 6- 8cm. At the two ends of the bed, nails are inserted into the small wooden rods. During the wiring, the cables must be tightened so that they cannot be loosened. Lines and wires cannot overlap, cross and ligate to prevent the burned wire from breaking after power-on. Multiple electric heating wires are required. The leads of each heating line should be led to the same side, connected in parallel with the power supply in the single-phase circuit, and drained after the wiring. If the heating wire is combined with a temperature controller, the temperature can be adjusted and controlled freely to obtain a better soil temperature.
(2) Seedbed management: The management of seedbed is centered on temperature, and it should be airtight before emergence. The bed temperature should be kept at 30~35°C. Once the seedlings begin to unearth, they should pay attention to ventilation, reduce the temperature (lower bed temperature to 15~22°C), reduce the humidity, increase the light, ensure the normal development of the seedlings, and control the seedlings to be long. When the true leaves appear, the seedlings are not easy to grow, and the bed temperature should be raised again to 25~30°C during the day and the minimum temperature at night is 15°C, which is beneficial to the growth of roots and the cultivation of strong seedlings. After two true leaves of the seedlings, the bed temperature should be lowered, watering should be controlled, and exercise before colonization should be performed.
(3) Disease prevention: Use 800 times thiophanate fluid to prevent disease.
(4) Strong seedling standard: seedling height less than 10 cm, hypocotyl thick and short, cotyledon node best not more than 3 cm from the ground, cotyledon intact, true leaf blade thick, dark green, disease-free spotted insect pests, nutrient clods Complete, good root development, no damage.
Fourth, colonization
1. Preparation for Planting: Planting plots shall be covered with a plastic film one week before planting, and ensure that the membranes are pulled tightly and laid flatly, close to the ground, and the soil is pressed firmly around the floor.
2, planting time: in mid-February, colonization, seedling age 3 leaves to 4 leaves 1 heart. Colonization should be selected for the best without wind and sunny morning.
3, the method of colonization: Before planting, dig a good planting hole, deeper than the depth of nutrition. In the process of lifting seedlings and transporting seedlings, care should be taken to prevent them from scattering. During the planting period, attention should be paid to the surrounding area and the bottom of the nutrition bowl with fine soil to prevent “overheadâ€. Immediately after planting, "live water" to promote root growth and extension.
4. Density of planting: 550~600 plants per mu.
5, scaffolding: After planting a timely manner in the small shed and a small arch shed, play a role in insulation, promote the smooth growth of planting seedlings.
V. Cultivation Management
1, temperature:
(1) During the period of colonization and survival, keep the temperature above 18°C ​​in the evening and the maximum temperature during the day at 30°C.
(2) Survival to flowering, nighttime temperatures above 15°C, maximum daytime temperatures of 30°C.
(3) When the fruit is set, the temperature in the greenhouse is kept at 28~30°C (at noon), 15°C at night, 30~35°C after fruit set, and 15~18°C at night.
2. Ventilation: With the increase of temperature, it can be properly ventilated. Generally, the seedlings are controlled and ventilated. The seedlings are greatly ventilated, and there is more ventilation in sunny days at noon, and less ventilation in cloudy days. To open the ventilation at the end of the leeward, ventilation from small to large, ventilation time gradually extended. In the fruit expansion period, when the minimum ambient temperature stabilizes at 15°C, the ventilation of the greenhouse is lifted and the temperature difference between day and night is increased.
3. Moisture: There is a lot of rainfall in Shanghai. Drainage ditch should be opened around melon in order to facilitate timely drainage. Melon has less water in the early stage of growth, and it enters the dry season at the later stage of growth. It can be used to supplement water with furrow irrigation to promote fruit enlargement. The amount of watering and the number of watering should be determined according to the growth of the plant and the flexibility of the field.
4, plant management:
(1) Topping: When the seedling grows up to 4 leaves and 1 heart, the main vine can be picked up (topping) to promote the development of the vine.
(2) pruning fruit: When the vine grows to about 15 centimeters, the vine is set, leaving 2 separate healthy vines. The second and third articles are generally reserved. The best fruit setting is Section 10-15, one for each fruit. Leave 3-4 Sun Man as the result in the predetermined result node. Result Sun Man leaves 2 leaves (1 leaf and 1 leaf before fruit addition). All other Sun Man removes or leaves a leaf topping. In the twenty-fifth festival, the Sun Man was left to grow and grow. The pruning must be timely and should be done on a sunny morning.
(3) Pollination: artificial pollination should be used to promote fruit setting and hormones should not be promoted. The pollination time should not be too early. It should be performed after the male flower pollen is completely dispersed. Select the male flower that was opened on the same plant as the different species on the same day, remove the petals, and apply evenly on the female styling head that was opened on that day.
(4) Thinning fruit: timely fruit thinning can promote the growth and development of fruits and increase the commercial value of the fruit. When the young fruit grows to the size of the egg, the fruit is thinned and one of the fruits is left. Generally, when the fruit grows to the size of the egg 5-7 days after pollination, one of the fruits is selected based on the overall growth and development of each fruit.
5. Pest control: Melon should pay close attention to the occurrence of plant diseases and insect pests during the whole growth period. The strategy of “prevention first, comprehensive prevention and control†should be adopted to control and eliminate pests and diseases in the bud. The main diseases and pests are seedling anthracnose, damping-off, medium-term virus disease, bacterial blight, late downy mildew, powdery mildew, aphids and so on. Commonly used pesticides are thiophanate-methyl, chlorothalonil, triadimefon, chlorfenadin, cypermethrin, and others.
6. Appropriate ripening and harvesting Generally, the mature mark is about 40 days after flowering. The melon surface is white and translucent. As a result, the leaves and leaves lose chlorophyll and their leaves turn yellow, showing symptoms of magnesium deficiency, indicating that the fruit is about to enter mature harvesting period. . Harvesting should be carried out in the morning when the temperature of the melons is low and the surface of the melons is not dew; the melon handles should be cut into a “T†shape when harvested to prevent the bacteria from invading the wounds and causing the fruit to rot. Melon should be stored in a cool, shady, ventilated, and dry place. During the post-harvest transport process, clean soft paper should be placed inside the melon box to prevent mutual friction. At the same time, the melon box should be vented to reduce the humidity in the melon box.
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