1. The turtle's biological turtle (Chinemy sreevesii), also known as golden tortoise, tortoise, water turtle, money turtle, mud turtle, ink turtle, etc., is a species of chordate animal mainly distributed in our country (existing only in Japan). (Chraata), Reptilia, Chelonia, Testudinidae, Chinemys (There are three species of this genus - all of which are extant animals in China, namely Bighead Turtle, Black-necked Turtle and Turtle ) Half-water semi-continent reptiles. It is the most widely distributed species in China except for Chinese sturgeon, which is the species of turtles in China except for the northeast, northwest, and Tibet (regions). 1. Morphological features (1) The shape of a turtle is clearly divided into five parts: head, neck, trunk, tail, and limbs. Medium in size, flatter in body; smooth in front of the head, with polygonal or granular scales at the back; solid crustacean made of bone, whose trunk is encased in a shell and covered with horny scutellum. The carapace is composed of carapace and plastron. The carapace is erect and long oval. There are three distinct longitudinal ribs located in the center of the shield and both sides of the rib shield. The neck shield is small, and its width between the left and right is larger. Between the length, slightly trapezoidal; five vertebral shields, the first and fifth pentagonal; the first vertebral shield is narrow and narrow at the front, the fifth is the front narrow and wide; the second and fourth The shield is hexagonal. Four rib shields on each side (individual variations, ie, five rib shields on one or both sides), the first and fourth pieces are irregular quadrilaterals, and the second and third pieces are pentagonal. Edge shields, 11 on each side (a few individuals may be 10 or 12); hip shields one on each side, rectangular. Abdominal plane, deep depression in the posterior edge; there are zygomatic shields and zygomatic shields, one on each side; plastrons extend to the side of the body into a bridge, and the bridge is a bridge that connects the carapace and plastron, making the turtle shell become verrucous, only The head, limbs and tail can freely extend or retract from the edge. The limbs are oblate, covered with scales, the forelimbs are 5 fingers and claws; the hind limbs are also 5 toes, but the 5th toe is underdeveloped, the remaining 4 toes have claws, and the fingers (toes) have full ridges. The tail is moderate. (2) The head is olive-colored, the back is dark olive, brown or dark brown; the plastron is brownish-yellow; the middle of each scutellum is black or dark brown, and the limbs are generally gray-brown. Some males have black plastrons and black limbs and tails. (Fig. l Fig. 5) 2. Habits (1) Inhabiting turtles are common habitats and are often piled together during artificial feeding. In the natural environment, it often inhabits lakes, ponds, streams, rivers, and wet grass on the shores. It particularly likes to feed on plains and farmlands, and it is extremely active on rainy days. At the beginning of autumn and early spring, they often sunbathe before and after noon, and their heads, necks, and limbs are exposed to the sun. (2) Eating habits and eating turtles are omnivorous animals, plant seeds (such as rice, wheat, etc.), algae, tender grass (such as duckweed, water lettuce, etc.), vegetables, fish, shrimp, insects, For foods such as cockroaches, small snails and shellfish, the food consumption intensity was positively correlated with the ambient temperature. When the water temperature was around 15°C, feeding was started. As the ambient temperature increased, the food intake increased accordingly. When the temperature reached about 30°C, the food intake reached its maximum and the weight gain was the fastest. In the natural world, the low temperature season mostly eats at noon, while in the summer season, it mostly eats in the evening and evening. (3) Summer sleep and hibernating The turtle is a amphibious amphibious animal, living in water, land egg; turtle is a variable temperature animal, activity and feeding are affected by temperature and inhibition. From June to August, it was the peak season of turtle activity. Before and after noon, it was hidden in the cave under the water or shade. When the water temperature rose above 35°C, the turtle began to “sleep in summerâ€. Feed intake dropped significantly in October, and the water temperature dropped below 10°C and the turtle entered hibernation. In the wild, wintering occurs in caves or silt with accumulated water. Because the turtle's body temperature changes with the environment, the cold season, the turtle body will also freeze. If the turtle body freezes for a short period of time, it can gradually warm up and resurrect. If it freezes for a long time, it will die. (4) After each hibernation of the moltings, the molting starts from about April to May; at the end of August to the beginning of October, there is a molting phenomenon. 3. Age and growth (1) Identification of age In the natural world, the turtle has a distinct growth period and hibernation. During the growth period, the back-skull scutellum grows like the body and forms a ring of loosely bounded width; winter enters crouching. In the state, the growth ceased, and the back scutellum also ceased to grow, and the ring became very narrow. The age of the turtle can be discriminated from such a dense ring of rings. However, the turtle did not form an annular ring in the first winter, and only the first dense ring was formed in the second winter, and it was once a year later. Therefore, the age of the turtle should be the number of concentric circles on the scutellum plus one. This identification of age is accurate for turtles less than 10 years old, and it is difficult to judge how long the turtle is due to unclear rings. (2) The relationship between age growth and body weight The growth of turtles in nature is relatively slow. The body weight of female individuals is about 10 grams in the first instar, about 50 grams in the second instar, about 100 grams in the third instar, 200 grams in the fourth instar, and 250 grams in the fifth instar. Six to 300-350 grams. That is, turtles aged 2 to 4 years (or between 50 and 200 grams in body weight) grow fastest and are the dominant stage of growth. When approaching maturity, the growth rate will gradually slow down, because a large number of nutrients are converted to sexual products. 4. Breeding (1) Discrimination of female and male turtles The sex of turtles can be identified by appearance: the male turtle has a deep black shell; the trunk is long and thin; the individual is small, approximately 1/2 female of the same age; tail fine Long, when the tail is straight, the inner edge of the venting anus far exceeds the posterior edge of the carapace; it has an odor. The shell of the female turtle is slightly yellow, and the three longitudinal ribs of the carapace are obvious; the trunk is short and rich, and the individual is larger than the male of the same age; the tail shank is thick and short: when the tail is straight, the inner edge of the excretory anus is not More than the posterior edge of the dorsal midline; the posterior edge of the plastron center is shallow; the plastron has no obvious concave tendency, and generally no odor. If the above comparison is not easy to identify male and female, you can put the turtle's limbs upside down on the palm and compress the head and limbs with the other hand's thumb and index finger, so that the head shrinks into the outer edge of the neck shield and the limbs shrink into green. The outer edge of the shield. If male, at this time, the transfer device is pulled out from the cloacal hole; if it is a female, only the bubble-like liquid will appear. (2) Age and weight of sexual maturity In nature, the sexual maturity of turtles takes 6 to 7 years; sexual maturation weight is about 80 grams for males and 250 grams for females. (3) Mating and its seasons In the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, turtles mostly mate in May-June and August-October. When the temperature is between 20 and 25°C, the mating rate is highest. Usually in the evening when mating; a female turtle is often chased and courtship by several males, the time can reach up to several hours, when the female turtle is calm, the male turtle stretches his neck to bite the female turtle's head and neck, and climbing On the female back, mating in water or land, mating time is about 10 seconds to several minutes. (4) Spawning According to the author's observation on the balcony for many years, turtles spawned eggs from June to July, 2 to 3 batches of eggs can be produced each year, and 2 to 4 eggs are laid each time. Spawning time is mostly in the weather. Sweltering, temperatures above 28°C, thunderstorms or dusk or dawn after a rainy day. Under natural conditions, the female turtles are more likely to choose loose soils and sunny spots as nesting areas for spawning. The urine will be drained from moist sandy soil. Then, the extremities will alternately excavate the caves. The depth of the cave is about 8 to 10 cm. The rear end is wide; the general cave is slightly inclined. After the cave is dug, it spawns in the cave; afterwards, it will cover its eggs with the limbs, and flatten the soil with the body, and then leave and let it incubate naturally. (5) Egg characteristics Eggs that have just been produced are 2.9 to 3.8 grams. Eggs are oval, hard shell, gray, smooth surface; the surface of the shell has a lot of microscopic holes, is the channel for gas and water exchange during embryonic development; the long diameter of eggs 29 ~ 40 ml, short diameter of about 15 ~ 20 ml. Both ends of the fertilized egg are translucent, with white spots in the center, ie, the blastoderm; the blastoderm is rapidly expanding as the time for laying eggs grows. That is, as the hatching age increases, white patches expand into semi-rings. In the end, the semicircular belt is almost closed, indicating that the embryo is developing. If the egg is not fertilized, there is no white spot in the center, both ends are more turbid, and the egg shell surface is not smooth. (6) The hatching time of hatching turtle eggs is affected by the external environment temperature, incubation temperature is 23 ~ 32 °C; the heat required for embryonic development is provided by the outside temperature, when a certain effective amount of accumulated temperature is reached, the turtle is completed Embryonic development; the effective accumulated temperature required for turtle hatching is between 1800 and 1100 degrees per day (°C/Day); seedlings are hatched under natural conditions for 50 to 80 days. The incubation temperature can be determined according to the number of hatched male hatchlings or female hatchlings. Since the turtle has not had atypical sex chromosomes, the environmental temperature can determine the sex differentiation of the turtle embryo. When the fertilized eggs hatch in the environment above 30°C, many female turtles hatch; in the environment below 27°C, male turtles are mostly hatched; when the incubation temperature exceeds 32°C; the embryonic mortality rate is higher; lower than 23°C When the embryo stops developing, it is not easy to hatch. Therefore, within the effective temperature range, the incubation temperature is controlled according to the gender requirement. The eggs of the turtle have a certain amount of energy loss during the incubation process, that is, 25% to 29% of the material does not convert into embryonic material. The total loss rate of the fertilized egg hatching into the baby turtle is increased with the incubation temperature and the embryo Energy consumption during development increases with temperature. The temperature of hatching should not be too high; however, it should not be too low. Otherwise, it will prolong the incubation time and affect the fattening of young turtles before wintering. Second, the economic value 1. Consumption of turtle body is a treasure. Turtle and turtle eggs are extremely delicious and have a high protein content. They are advanced tonic foods. "Turtle-shaped pork belly" means that turtle meat has the nutrition and taste of five types of animal meat such as cows, sheep, pigs, chickens, and fish. In particular, various kinds of turtle soup made from turtle meat as the main raw material have become One of the senior cuisines on the feast at the moment. 2. The greatest value of medicinal turtles is medicinal. Li Shizhen said: "The insects are three hundred and sixty, and the turtles are long. Turtles, the spirit of the worms are also." Tortoise shell turtle is a traditional valuable medicine, it is rich in collagen and protein, calcium, phosphorus, lipids, peptides and a variety of enzymes, with nourishing yin and reducing fire, Qianyang steamed, kidney and bone and other effects; turtle taste Gan, Xianping, warm, with the role of complementing the heart and kidney, on children with weak growth, postpartum body deficiencies, prolapse of the anus, uterine prolapse and other orderly effects; turtle gall bitter, cold, indicia after treatment, acne swollen, after the moon Not open; turtle bone, turtle skin, turtle blood, turtle urine, etc., also have medicinal value. The turtle's body is made of special long-lived cells, so long-lived turtles can prolong life. 3. The life of ornamental turtles ranks first in the animal kingdom, and is one of the traditional Chinese “four spirits†(unicorn, phoenix, turtle and dragon) animals. People often like to use the turtle as a sign of longevity and good fortune, and folks say that "Turtle Crane is a new year." The Japanese love to hold a pair of tiny golden turtles in a delicate box as a birthday gift. Temples, temples, and other religious sites in China have traditionally had the tradition of keeping turtles in rockery or in front of a rockery or fostering green turtles for people to watch. 4. Scientific research, teaching, and export earnings Turtles are hypothermic animals, and their body temperature is generally lower than the temperature. Therefore, the turtle's carapace will have condensed water droplets or be very humid when it is going to rain. It can provide some objects for weather forecasting; And research often used as test materials. In addition, the turtle is still a traditional export product of China.
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