The black bear's habits

Black bears are also known as moon bears, Himalayan bears, or hidden bears. In our country, they are also known as bears, bear cubs or dog humps (呃...). Black bears can only be considered medium-sized, with a head-to-trunk height of about 120-180 cm. The size of a female bear is relatively small and may be only half that of a male bear. Black bears have dense body hair, usually black (also brown). There is a clear white or yellow-white crescent-shaped markings on the chest, so it is also known as the Moon bear. However, the size and shape of the markings vary greatly from person to person. Some may be just a thin line, while others may be a large one. The black bear's head is wide and round with two round big ears and is shaped like Mickey Mouse. Their eyes are small, but they have color vision so that they can tell the difference between fruit and nuts. The black bear's nose and mouth are narrow and long, light brown, and the chin is white. Although the black bear's hair is not too long, there are long beaks on both sides of the head, which makes their big face wider. The black bear walks with four feet and is a limp. Their limbs are strong and powerful, and their feet are huge, especially the forefoot. The toes have five toes with sharp claws, but their hooks cannot be retracted. In addition, like other bears, their tails are very short.

The black bear subspecies problem is controversial. In the past, black bears had four subspecies: Ut japonicus (Japan), Ut formosanus (Taiwan), Ut ussuricus (Mongolia), and the designated subspecies Ut thibetanus. However, scientists now believe that there may be only some population differences among these so-called subspecies, which cannot be counted as separate subspecies. The only subspecies that can be identified today are Ut gedrosianus in southern Pakistan.

Black bear settlements are mainly distributed in the south of Asia. This inhabited army begins in the poor mountains of Afghanistan, along Pakistan and northern India, Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan, and Myanmar and southwestern China, including Hainan Island and Taiwan. . The northerly one is distributed in the northeast of China, the southeast of Russia, and the four countries of Japan and Honshu.

Black bears are forest animals, especially lush vegetation in the mountains. In the summer, they often move in mountains that are 3,000 meters above sea level or even higher. In the winter, they move to lower-lying jungles. In order to survive, they occasionally wander to the plains.

Black bears are omnivorous animals, mainly plants, like a variety of berries, plant leaves, bamboo shoots and moss and so on. They also love honey, as well as insects, frogs, fish, and carrion. Occasionally, they will enter the farm to feed on livestock, but this behavior will naturally incur human indifference, and make them so slaughtered. :(

Black bears travel most of the time during the night and hide in tree holes or caves during the day. In the fall they are less likely to go out during the day. Do not look bulky, but they are all good swimmers and tree climbers. They can also stand on their hind legs for long periods of time and use the front paws to attack opponents or obtain food.

Not all black bears hibernate at winter, especially those black bears living in the hot southern suburbs. In some areas, black bears sleep in the holes throughout the winter, while others only hibernate during the worst days of winter. The black bear who needs to hibernate will start eating mad at the end of the summer season in order to store enough fat. During the hibernation period, their metabolic rate will be reduced by half and they will no longer be excreted. Instead, they will convert excrement into protein (if human beings have this problem). Their heart rate also decreased from 40-70 beats per minute to 8-12 beats per minute. In addition, their body temperature has dropped to 3-7 degrees Celsius.

Black bears have their own territories, and their territories vary according to the food conditions. Generally speaking, the richer the food sources are, the smaller the territory will be. Therefore, black bears range from 6.4-9.7 square kilometers to 16.4-36.5 square kilometers.

Black bears are basically solitary animals. They only meet when they are mating, and they may find food together. The mating season of black bears in different regions is also different. Black bears living in Russia are mated every year from June to July. Their love crystals are usually born between December and March of the following year. Black bears living in Pakistan usually arrive in October. Only then will they be considered for transmission, and their babies will generally be born around February of the following year. Mama Bear's pregnancy may be 6-7 months, and there is a delayed implantation of fertilized eggs, about 2 months. However, human beings are still not fully aware of the mechanism of delayed implantation.

Black bear mother can give birth to 2-3 children each time. Compared with other mammals, the newborn black bear looks pitifully small, weighing only about 200-300 grams. This is because the mother of black bear no longer eats during pregnancy, but breaks down the protein in the body into glucose to provide nutrients for the baby in his stomach. Due to insufficient nutrient absorption in the mother's body, the baby bear is very small after birth. However, Mother Bear's mother's milk is extremely rich in fat and nutrients, enough to supplement their previously missing parts, and because of this, bear mothers do not need to give their children frequent breastfeeding. The bear baby can only blink for a week after birth, and weaning needs at least 3 months. Children usually live with their mothers for 2-3 years before they leave the world. Sexuality is 3-4 years old. Since bear mothers usually have babies once every 2-3 years, some bear mothers may live with children of different ages at the same time.

Wild black bears, if not killed by humans and other natural enemies, have not been arrested for live bear bile, and their maximum life span is about 25 years. The highest record in captivity was 33 years. If they are in a cruel bear market, their life span will be much shorter (for details, please refer to the introduction of the Asian Animal Fund, this sad topic is not elaborated here), and every moment of life is suffering. Torture...

Black bears are far more afraid of humans than humans fear them, so black bears generally stay away from humans. They usually attack humans only if they feel threatened or protect young ones. Of course, incidents that attacked humans for no reason (at least from the human perspective) also occurred. It is understood that most of these attacks occurred in late summer, before and after the mating season. It seems that the animals in love may be as excited as humans, and the views of the surrounding affairs will be different. ~~~

As stated at the beginning of this article, the black bears are tragic victims of the bear bile trade. Like many other unlucky species, they have contributed blood, tears, and precious things to a handful of human purse strings and to help treat some minor ailments in humans. life.

Before the North Koreans "invented" the live bears to take the gallbladder, the acquisition of the bear gallbladder can only be achieved by killing wild black bears. According to the data in the database of the Animal Institute of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the wild population of black bears in China is estimated at 12,000-18,000 heads, and the highest estimate is only 20,000 heads (Ma Yiqing, Hu Jintao et al., 1994). The bear bile exported to Japan during 1979-1984 was required to hunt 47,000 black bears, which did not include the domestic market. In the 1980s, after the invention of the “birth of a living bear took the gallbladder” by the North Koreans, this “technology” was enthusiastically sought after in a short period of time, especially the main distribution country of the black bear—China. For a time, a large number of wild black bears, especially young ones, were captured by humans (I am afraid that they would have to kill their mother). Many of these unfortunate animals died of drainage surgery infections or improper breeding. Forced to suffer in pain while living (remembering Auschwitz suddenly), and gradually exhausted in pain, until the end tragically died ...

Since the black bears are not difficult to reproduce, the same tragic experience continues to be repeated in the descendants of these unfortunate animals. That is to say, the bear baby born in the bear field is destined to be mentally and physically since birth. It is not a long life to go through the double pain.

Tsinghua University students surnamed Liu sulfuric acid!
It should be said that living bear bile does "protect" the wild population from one aspect. However, it should be noted that, first of all, international animal organizations such as IFAW and the Asian Animal Fund have jointly explored alternative products for bear bile at the joint research institute of Chinese herbal medicine, and have made positive progress. Furthermore, herbs are more economical than bear bile (see Asia) (Animal Fund and IFAW related pages); Secondly, some people claim that the live bear bile has used the so-called "painless drainage" technique, and the black bear's pain is greatly reduced. Do not know how these people define the pain of the black bear, do you still need the black bear to speak Chinese, clearly tell them the pain of this torture it? !

CITES has long listed the black bear as Appendix I in order to limit the international trade of black bear live animals and their products and derivatives. Although this has curbed some of the killing and predatory behavior against black bears (and has negatively affected the pockets of a handful of people), it is obviously quite limited, because it cannot limit the domestic trade of bear bile and other black bear products. The Wildlife Protection Law of China has listed the black bear as a second-class animal. As far as the actual effect is concerned, the relevant reports on taking bile from live bears have been fully reflected and are no longer described here. In addition, in the IUCN Redbook, black bears are listed as "easily vulnerable."

Lastly, the top right picture shows the Beijing Zoo, which was attacked by Liu Haiyang of Tsinghua University with sulfuric acid and alkali. The incident occurred in early 2002. This photograph was taken on May 1, 2003, during the peak period of SARS, and it took more than a year from the time of pouring sulfuric acid and alkali. The black bear's right eye has been unable to close and the hair on the nose has not grown. And that Liu Haiyang just punished by destroying public property, and later I do not know whether he still continues to study Tsinghua graduate students... When he received the HX photo, he suddenly thought, if Liu Haiyang was splashed with a giant panda, could he still be so easily acquitted? ?

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