First, increase fertilization.
After applying the base fertilizer, it's essential to apply additional nitrogen fertilizer at the beginning of the sesame growth stage. For summer sesame seeds, which are less likely to be planted compared to those used for sowing, early topdressing is crucial. Sesame plants require more potassium, so a 0.4% solution of potassium dihydrogen phosphate can be applied through foliar spraying during the early flowering stage. It is recommended to spray once every 5 to 7 days to ensure optimal nutrient absorption and plant health.
Second, timely watering.
During the seedling stage, if the soil moisture is sufficient, no watering is needed. However, water shortage may occur before bud emergence, so it’s important to monitor the soil condition. The flowering and podding stages are the most critical periods for water demand. If drought occurs during this time, irrigation should be carried out immediately. After the plant has topped (the main stem stops growing), watering is generally not necessary unless there is extreme dryness.
Third, artificial topping.
Topping the sesame plant helps redirect water and nutrients to the already formed pods and seeds, promoting earlier maturity and higher yield. The best time for topping depends on the planting season: for spring-sown sesame, it should be done in mid to late July; for summer-sown sesame, mid to late August. Topping should be done when the lower pods are nearly mature, but the upper part is still flowering (the inflorescence is no longer increasing). Choose a sunny day for this task. When topping, manually remove the top 2 to 3 cm of the inflorescence to encourage better fruit development.
Fourth, disease prevention and pest control.
Common diseases affecting sesame include stem blight, leaf wilt, and leaf spot, which typically occur during the flowering and podding stages. To prevent these, avoid over-cultivation and use warm water at 55°C or 5.7% copper sulfate solution for seed soaking for 15–30 minutes. In fields where diseases have occurred, apply 40% carbendazim diluted 500–800 times per acre. Spray every 5–7 days, and repeat up to 3–4 times as needed.
Sesame seedlings and flowers are also vulnerable to pests like ground beetles, aphids, and spider mites. Ground beetles can be controlled using bait traps, while aphids and red spider mites can be managed with systemic insecticides. Regular field monitoring is essential to detect and manage these issues early.
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