At present, pests and diseases have become an important obstacle to the production of vegetables in protected areas. In the prevention and control work, comprehensive control measures such as agriculture, ecology, physics, biology, and chemistry can be used to effectively control them.
1. Agricultural control 1 Timely cleaning of gardens, sun drying and soil disinfection. Destroy sun-killing eggs in the soil by sun exposure. The soil disinfection is focused on the seedbed, which can be electro-thermally sterilized. When the seedlings are heated on a hot-wire nursery, the temperature is raised to 55° C. and treated for 2 hours before sowing; the use of formaldehyde, cotton wool (must be extinguished), thiram, carbendazim and other agents. Disinfection of large areas of soil is best in the hot season. 2 Try to use disease resistant vegetable varieties. According to the local ecological conditions, targeted selection of pest-resistant species, play a role in disease-resistant varieties. For example, the tomato variety Shuangkang No. 2 is resistant to leaf mold, the hair powder 802 is resistant to aphids, the cucumber varieties are more resistant to powdery mildew, Jinyan No. 2, No. 4 and No. 6, and Jinchun No. 4 can be resistant to wilt disease, Downy mildew and powdery mildew. 3 Do a good job of seed treatment. Seed treatment methods include dry heat treatment, warm soup soaking, chemical soaking, and chemical seed dressing. Such as the prevention and treatment of tomato early blight, eggplant brown streaks can be used 0.3% potassium permanganate solution soaking for 20 to 30 minutes or 600 times liquid with soaking bacteria special 20 to 30 minutes, remove and wash with warm water 5 to 6 times. 4 Scientific and rational farming system. For example, a comprehensive system of land use and land conservation should be adopted, and a reasonable rotation, intercropping and intercropping should be adopted. Long-term continuous cropping will lead to autotoxicity of crops, such as cucumbers, peas, soybeans, and tomatoes, which have a strong autotoxicity effect. Generally, continuous cropping can cause soil-borne diseases to increase. When rotations are carried out, crop rotations of the same family and genus are prohibited, and the relationship between land use and land conservation is coordinated. Garlic and onion root exudates have a bactericidal effect, and they can be planted with shallots and garlic during the leisure period. 5 Cultivate strong seedlings to reduce pests and diseases. The measures taken are: off-farm or off-farm nursery. Root cultivating seedlings can be used nutrition pods, plugs, nutritious soil nursery and so on. Strengthen the seedling management, improve the ability of disease-resistant and insect-resistant seedlings, eliminate weak seedlings when transplanting, and ensure strong seedling colonization. 6 to promote grafting disease prevention technology. Grafting seedlings is mainly to prevent soil-borne diseases, enhance the growth of plants, and improve the ability to resist cold and drought. Such as using black pumpkin as the rootstock grafting to prevent cucumber wilt disease; with gourd, Chaofeng F1, etc. as the rootstock grafted watermelon, prevention and control of wilt disease; Yunnan Yunnan eggplant, Shanxi wild tomato as the rootstock grafting, prevention and treatment of eggplant Verticillium wilt.
2. Ecological control Rationally regulates the environment of facilities, making it unfavorable to the growth of diseases and conducive to the growth of vegetables so as to achieve the purpose of preventing disease and high yields. 1 Protection of soil temperature and humidity and air humidity control. Using the special environment of the protected area, measures such as releasing air and closing sheds are used to regulate temperature and humidity. Covering the film and enhancing ventilation can increase soil moisture and reduce air humidity. With sufficient lighting, scientific ventilation, and other measures, many kinds of diseases can be controlled without fighting drugs or drugs. Such as high-temperature sterilization and antibacterial, cucumber shed temperature management, control of downy mildew and so on. 2 Gas control in the protected area. When the organic fertilizer in the protected area is insufficient, carbon dioxide fertilizer may be applied. When the temperature is high at noon, vents should be opened to allow air to circulate, and toxic gases such as ammonia, ethylene, and sulfur dioxide in the protected area should be released. 3 light regulation. According to the different stages of crop growth, timely light exposure control.
3 physical control 1 the use of temperature such as warm soup soaking, high temperature soil disinfection and other measures. For example, soaking with warm water at 50-55°C for 10-20 minutes will kill the bacteria that adhere to the seed surface. 2 According to pests have special tactics to trap and kill pests. Such as the use of yellow traps to kill whitefly, spotted fly and aphids. 3 manual killing. In the field of agricultural operations, eggs and newly hatched larvae produced by pests on vegetables should be promptly removed.
4. Biological control includes the protection and utilization of natural enemies, the release of natural enemies from artificial breeding, and the introduction and utilization of biological agents from other places. At present, there are more successful biocontrol technologies, such as the release of Lygus bees to control greenhouse whitefly, broad-eyed beetle to prevent cotton bollworm, cabbage caterpillar and other pests; use of Bt emulsion, insecticide, etc. to prevent and control lepidopteran larvae; Antimycotoxins control various pests; avermectin prevents and treats various pests such as Phytophthora, Liriomyza, Plutella xylostella, Pieris rapae and other pests; Uses Nongken 120 to control various vegetable powdery mildew, anthracnose, and watermelon fusarium wilt; 83 Anti-oxidant control solanine vegetable virus.
5. Chemical control Due to the large number of pests and diseases on the vegetables in the protected area, and the heavy use of chemical pesticides, if the use of drugs is unreasonable, it will not only affect the control effect, but also increase pesticide residues on vegetables, endangering the health of consumers. The use of chemical pesticides in winter and spring protected areas should pay attention to the following points:
(1) Select high-efficiency, low-toxic, low-residue pesticides and prohibit the use of highly toxic and highly toxic high-residue pesticides on vegetables.
(2) Use as little or no medicine as possible according to the occurrence of pests and diseases of vegetables in protected areas. Ciprofloxacin, which is commonly used in the control of gray mold, powdery mildew, anthrax, and chlorothalonil, which controls rust, downy mildew and leaf spot, does not exceed 3 times in the entire growth period. Should be greater than 15 days. For pesticides such as trichlorfon, phoxim, and deltamethrin, which are used to control pests, the maximum number of pesticides used during the whole growth period should not exceed 3 times. The last time the pesticide is used should be greater than 7 days before harvest.
(3) master the science of pesticide application technology. Strengthen the survey of pests and diseases in the protected areas, master the development of pests and diseases, timely control, and avoid blindly fighting drugs. Correctly grasp the dose and concentration of pesticides, pay attention to rotation and alternation of medications, prevent single use of a pesticide, and avoid pest resistance. Promote the use of high-efficiency agents such as smoke and dust agents.
(4) Promote the use of biological pesticides. Commonly used biological pesticides in the prevention and control of vegetable pests and diseases in protected areas include efford, vegetable and vegetable, 1% imidacloprid, Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) preparation, 1.5% Sudan WP, 750, 1000 times, 0.9% Vermillion emulsifiable concentrate 3000 times solution, ring industry No. 3 WP 250, 500 times solution.
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