Progress in research and application of bioluminescence technology
Summary:
Objective: To understand the types and mechanisms of bioluminescence and their applications in medicine, biological sciences, food, environmental protection and other fields.
Methods: The types and mechanisms of bioluminescence in the relevant literature and their specific applications in the above fields were reviewed.
Results: There are two types of bioluminescence, the mechanism is clear, and it is widely used.
Conclusion: Bioluminescence has become more and more widely used in many fields, and it is essential for its in-depth understanding and research.
Objective: To understand the types and mechanisms of bioluminescence and their applications in medicine, biological sciences, food, environmental protection and other fields.
Methods: The types and mechanisms of bioluminescence in the relevant literature and their specific applications in the above fields were reviewed.
Results: There are two types of bioluminescence, the mechanism is clear, and it is widely used.
Conclusion: Bioluminescence has become more and more widely used in many fields, and it is essential for its in-depth understanding and research.
Bioluminescence is the process by which a bioluminescent device undergoes a photoreceptor release reaction in a cell or organism. This article briefly introduces the types and mechanisms of bioluminescence and their applications in medicine, life sciences, food and environmental protection.
1 type
There are two main types of bioluminescence: 1 the light energy signal generated after chemical or biological reaction, mainly including luciferase-containing bacteria, fungi, insects, etc.; 2 the light energy signal generated after being excited, mainly containing fluorescent protein Jellyfish, coral, otter, etc.
2 Mechanism
2.1 luciferase
Luciferase is a general term for a class of enzymes that catalyze the oxidative luminescence of luciferin or fatty aldehyde in vivo. According to the source, it can be divided into luciferase from firefly (FL) and bacterial luciferase (BL). Under the participation of Mg, ATP and O 2 , FL catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of D-luciferin, produces activated oxidized fluorescein, and emits photons, producing fluorescence of 550-580 nm. BL uses fatty aldehyde as a substrate, and with the participation of reduced flavin mononucleotide and oxygen, the fatty aldehyde emits photons while oxidizing to fatty acids, producing fluorescence at 490 nm.
Luciferase is a general term for a class of enzymes that catalyze the oxidative luminescence of luciferin or fatty aldehyde in vivo. According to the source, it can be divided into luciferase from firefly (FL) and bacterial luciferase (BL). Under the participation of Mg, ATP and O 2 , FL catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of D-luciferin, produces activated oxidized fluorescein, and emits photons, producing fluorescence of 550-580 nm. BL uses fatty aldehyde as a substrate, and with the participation of reduced flavin mononucleotide and oxygen, the fatty aldehyde emits photons while oxidizing to fatty acids, producing fluorescence at 490 nm.
2.2 fluorescent protein
The study of GFP (green fluorescent protein) in fluorescent proteins is the most clear. The special chromophore contained in GFP is formed by the internal cyclization and oxidation of serine, dehydrotyrosine and glycine at the 65th to 67th positions of the protein. When excited by ultraviolet or blue light, it can emit visible green fluorescence without any bottom. Object or cofactor.
The study of GFP (green fluorescent protein) in fluorescent proteins is the most clear. The special chromophore contained in GFP is formed by the internal cyclization and oxidation of serine, dehydrotyrosine and glycine at the 65th to 67th positions of the protein. When excited by ultraviolet or blue light, it can emit visible green fluorescence without any bottom. Object or cofactor.
3 applications
As a non-radioactive, non-traumatic, high-sensitivity, real-time dynamic detection technology, bioluminescence is widely used in medical biology research, food and environmental testing.
3.1 Application in biomedical research
Bioluminescence can be used for non-invasive continuous dynamic observation of specific cell or molecular behavior, and is widely used in biomedical fields for pathogenic mechanisms, drug mechanisms, and screening and evaluation of new drugs.
Bioluminescence can be used for non-invasive continuous dynamic observation of specific cell or molecular behavior, and is widely used in biomedical fields for pathogenic mechanisms, drug mechanisms, and screening and evaluation of new drugs.
Luciferase is widely used to study viral infection, replication, and treatment. Luker uses the luciferase gene to label vaccinia virus. After 1 hour of immunization, intracellular fluorescence can be measured. The amount of fluorescence directly reflects the amount of virus replication. Wang Jiandong used luciferase gene to label lung cancer cells and inoculated them under the skin of severe combined immunodeficiency mice. He successfully established a lung cancer cell line and a xenograft animal model stably expressing luciferase reporter gene for lung cancer progression, metastasis and drugs. Relevant research on sensitivity and other foundations laid the foundation.
Zhu Hongmei labeled toxic Escherichia coli (ETEC) with green fluorescent protein gene gfp gene, and obtained GFP gene expression and genetically stable luminescent marker strain, which laid a foundation for further study of ETEC infection pathway and pathogenic mechanism. The EGFP-labeled GFP fluorescence can accurately, simply and rapidly reflect changes in bacterial translocation rate, providing a basis for screening and evaluation of probiotics.
3.2 Application in biological science research
3.2.1 Application in Molecular Biology The luciferase gene is widely used in the study of the expression intensity and transcriptional regulation of foreign genes under different promoters, especially for the regulation of low-level expression. Yao Wenjuan used the luciferase gene as a reporter gene to investigate the effects of functional elements (α, β1, β2) of HBV transduction regulatory sequence (HPRE) on the action of INF-α. The functional elements of HPRE, β2 and INF-α, were most closely involved. And α, β1 plays a very small role in the INF-α response. Luciferase is also used to study the physiological rhythm of plants. Mmar used luciferase as a reporter gene to study the rhythm of Arabidopsis gene expression.
Ikawa produced transgenic mice expressing GFP in muscle, spleen, kidney, heart and other organs, indicating that GFP can be used as an effective selection marker before embryo transfer. Fluorescence detection of embryos can selectively breed transgenic mice and greatly improve transgenics. The rate of production of animals reduces the blindness of embryo transfer. Monocytogenes used the macrophage migration inhibitory factor gene as a research object, and used GFP as a reporter to screen for siRNA which can effectively inhibit the expression of macrophage migration inhibitory factor gene.
3.2.2 Application in Cell Biology
R Paulmurugan applied luciferase to study the strong interaction between myogenic regulatory factors and cell differentiation inhibitors. Using this principle, sung sheared and recombined starfish luciferase to study the translocation of androgen receptors in mice. It provides a reliable and rapid method for studying protein phosphorylation in cell networks and mammalian cells.
R Paulmurugan applied luciferase to study the strong interaction between myogenic regulatory factors and cell differentiation inhibitors. Using this principle, sung sheared and recombined starfish luciferase to study the translocation of androgen receptors in mice. It provides a reliable and rapid method for studying protein phosphorylation in cell networks and mammalian cells.
GFP fusion protein can observe the dynamic changes of cytoskeleton, organelle dynamics and transport of endometrial system, information transduction, viral movement and macromolecular transport, etc. Cheng uses gfp gene to modify tobacco mosaic virus and infect tobacco, using laser Scanning confocal microscopy was performed to observe the path and accumulation pattern of viral vascular bundles.
3.3 Monitoring environment <br>The luminous intensity of luminescent bacteria has a good linear relationship with the concentration of certain pollutants, and it can measure the concentration change of pollutants stably and quickly. Wang Ya uses DiFMI as a substrate, and the fluorescence protein phosphatase inhibition method (F_PPIA) established by the fluorescent protein phosphatase inhibition method (F_PPIA) has a good correlation between the MC results and the HPLC method. As a rapid detection method, especially for high-volume, low-concentration MC. The monitoring of water samples has a good application prospect. Yu Hai fixed the luminescent bacteria on the surface of the optical fiber and combined with the light detection system to develop a luminescent bacterial fiber sensor, which has good accuracy and sensitivity for rapid monitoring and evaluation of pollutants in water.
3.4 Inspection of food
3.4.1 Pigment
Dang Yaai proved that 17 kinds of commonly used pigments have certain acute toxicity to luminescent bacteria, and the luminescence intensity of bacteria is negatively correlated with pigment toxicity. Luminescent bacteria can detect pigmentation easily and quickly.
Dang Yaai proved that 17 kinds of commonly used pigments have certain acute toxicity to luminescent bacteria, and the luminescence intensity of bacteria is negatively correlated with pigment toxicity. Luminescent bacteria can detect pigmentation easily and quickly.
3.4.2 Carcinogens <br> Jiang Min studied the acute toxic effects of six nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds such as ruthenium, pyridine and quinoline on luminescent bacteria. The results showed that the relative luminosity of the luminescent bacteria decreased linearly with the increase of the compound concentration, and had a good correlation.
3.4.2 Microorganisms
Gao Yue used ATP bioluminescence technology to carry out rapid detection test L2 on the bacterial contamination of dehydrated mushrooms. The results are well correlated with standard bacterial culture methods and do not require complicated equipment. They can be used for rapid food screening and on-site testing. It is a new technology worthy of promotion.
Gao Yue used ATP bioluminescence technology to carry out rapid detection test L2 on the bacterial contamination of dehydrated mushrooms. The results are well correlated with standard bacterial culture methods and do not require complicated equipment. They can be used for rapid food screening and on-site testing. It is a new technology worthy of promotion.
3.4.3 Detection of pesticide residues <br>Yuan Dongxing found that the luminescence intensity of luminescent bacteria is negatively correlated with the concentration of organophosphorus pesticides, which can be used for rapid detection on the spot, and can be used for the detection of various poisons in foods with a little improvement.
4 Summary and Outlook
Bioluminescence technology has played an important role in biomedicine, agricultural products, and environmental protection. It is believed that as the research progresses further, it will generate greater value in theoretical research and practical applications.
(Liu Yangzi, Ni Shiyin, etc. Northwest Pharmaceutical Journal)
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