Corn thrives in warm conditions, and the minimum temperature for germination is around 6°C to 7°C. However, at these temperatures, germination is very slow, and seeds are more prone to rot due to bacterial and fungal infections in the soil. In some regions, farmers choose to sow corn early in spring to avoid the challenges of drought and pollination issues during the hot season. But because of the low soil temperature and unstable weather conditions, it can take up to 20 days from sowing to emergence. Sudden rain or cold spells can lead to seedling failure or seed rot.
When temperatures range between 10°C and 12°C, corn seeds germinate more quickly and uniformly. This temperature range is often considered the minimum threshold for successful planting. It's important to wait until this point to ensure better germination rates and healthier seedlings.
Maize seedlings are more resilient to cold than later growth stages. Even if temperatures drop to 0°C, they usually won't die immediately. However, if the temperature drops to -2°C to -3°C for a short period, the seedlings may suffer damage. If temperatures rise again quickly and proper care is provided, the plants can recover within a few days. Prolonged exposure to freezing temperatures, however, can cause irreversible damage and even kill the seedlings.
Once the maize plant has developed 4 to 5 leaves, it can tolerate light frost, but its cold resistance decreases as it grows. The slow growth caused by low temperatures is primarily due to reduced root metabolism. When the temperature drops below 4°C to 5°C, the root system stops growing entirely.
In agricultural practices, techniques like ridge sowing—which increases the surface area exposed to sunlight—and using plastic mulch to raise soil temperature are highly beneficial. These methods help promote root development and improve overall plant health, especially in cooler climates. By managing temperature effectively, farmers can enhance germination success and reduce the risk of crop loss due to cold stress.
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