Corn requires warm light for optimal growth. The minimum temperature for corn seed germination is around 6°C to 7°C, but at this temperature, the germination process is extremely slow and seeds are more prone to rot from bacterial or fungal infections in the soil. In some regions, farmers choose to sow early in spring to avoid the risks of drought and poor pollination during the hot season. However, due to low soil temperatures and unstable seasonal conditions, it can take up to 20 days for the seeds to emerge. If rain or cold weather occurs during this period, it can lead to seedling death or seed rot.
Corn seeds germinate more efficiently and uniformly when the temperature ranges between 10°C and 12°C. This range is considered the minimum temperature threshold for successful sowing. At these temperatures, the germination rate improves significantly, reducing the risk of disease and increasing the chances of healthy emergence.
Maize seedlings are more resilient to cold than later growth stages. Even if the temperature drops to 0°C, they usually won’t freeze to death. However, if the temperature remains between -2°C and -3°C for a short period, the seedlings may suffer damage. If the temperature rises quickly and proper management is applied, the plants can recover within a few days. Prolonged exposure to cold, however, can result in freezing and plant death.
When maize has 4 to 5 leaves, it can still tolerate light frost, though its cold resistance gradually decreases as it grows. The reason cold temperatures slow down seedling growth is that root metabolism slows down. When the temperature drops to 4°C to 5°C, the root system stops growing entirely. To combat this, farmers often use practices such as ridge sowing to increase solar radiation absorption or cover the soil with plastic film to raise soil temperature. These methods help promote root development and improve overall plant health, making them essential in cold-prone areas.
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