Hollyhock, also known as Ji Jihua or Duanwu Jin, is a resilient flowering plant that thrives in well-drained, fertile soil and can tolerate cold climates. It is commonly grown in open areas of northern China during winter. With its vibrant colors, large blooms, and strong petals, hollyhock is often planted in groups near buildings or in garden landscapes to add visual appeal. Additionally, it is suitable for border planting or as a potted plant. The purple pigments found in its petals are water- and alcohol-soluble, making them useful as natural dyes for food and beverages. The bark fibers can also be processed into linen, and the entire plant has medicinal properties, traditionally used for cooling and detoxifying effects.
However, hollyhock is susceptible to a serious fungal disease called hollyhock rust, which affects leaves, stems, and other green parts of the plant. This disease causes premature leaf drop, wilting, and in severe cases, plant death, significantly reducing its ornamental value and growth potential.
The symptoms of hollyhock rust begin with small, raised brown spots on the underside of the leaves. On the upper side, these lesions appear slightly larger, with a bright yellow or orange color and a light red center. As the disease progresses, the spots merge into larger patches, leading to leaf death and falling. The dark brown pustules on the back of the leaves contain teliospores, the reproductive structures of the pathogen.
The causal agent of this disease is *Puccinia malvacearum* Mont., a basidiomycete fungus belonging to the rust family. This pathogen is a monoxenic rust, meaning it completes its life cycle on a single host. Overwintering spores survive in infected plant debris, and in spring, under favorable conditions, they germinate and produce spores that are spread by wind and rain. Heavy rainfall or prolonged humidity increases the risk of infection.
To manage hollyhock rust, several preventive measures can be taken. First, promptly remove and destroy infected leaves and plants after flowering to reduce the source of infection. Second, always use disease-free seeds from healthy plants. Third, chemical control is effective when applied early in the disease development. Spraying 15% triadimefon wettable powder diluted at 1:1000 or 65% mancozeb wettable powder diluted at 1:600–1:800 can help control the infection. Apply the treatment every 7–10 days for 2–3 times for best results.
By combining cultural practices and timely chemical interventions, hollyhock rust can be effectively managed, ensuring healthy and attractive plants in gardens and landscapes.
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