Hollyhock, also known as Ji Jihua or Duanwu Jin, is a resilient plant that thrives in well-drained, fertile soil and can withstand cold climates. It is commonly grown in open areas in northern China during winter. With its vibrant colors, large blooms, and sturdy petals, hollyhock is often planted in clusters near buildings or used as ornamental plants in gardens. Additionally, it is suitable for border planting and even as a potted plant. The purple pigments found in its petals dissolve easily in alcohol and hot water, making them useful as natural food and beverage colorants. Its bark fibers can be processed into linen, and the entire plant has medicinal properties, helping to clear heat and cool the body.
However, hollyhocks are susceptible to hollyhock rust, a fungal disease that affects leaves, stems, and other green parts of the plant. This disease causes leaves to yellow, wither, and fall prematurely, and in severe cases, can lead to the death of the entire plant, significantly reducing its ornamental value.
The early symptoms of the disease appear as small, raised brown spots on the underside of the leaves. On the upper surface, these lesions appear larger, with a bright yellow or orange hue and a light red center. As the disease progresses, the lesions grow and merge, causing the leaves to die and drop off. On the back of the leaves, brown, scab-like areas contain teliospores of the pathogen.
The causal agent of this disease is *Puccinia malvacearum* Mont., a basidiomycete fungus belonging to the rust family. This pathogen is a monoxenic rust, meaning it completes its life cycle on a single host. Overwintering spores survive on infected plant debris, and in spring, when conditions are favorable, they germinate and release spores that spread via wind and rain. These spores then infect new hosts, leading to disease outbreaks. Heavy rainfall or prolonged wet nights increase the severity of the infection.
To manage hollyhock rust, several preventive measures can be taken. First, promptly remove and destroy infected leaves and plants after flowering to reduce the source of infection. Second, use seeds from healthy, disease-free plants. For chemical control, apply fungicides such as 15% triadimefon wettable powder diluted at 1:1000, or 65% mancozeb wettable powder diluted at 1:600–1:800. Spraying should be done every 7–10 days, with 2–3 applications recommended for effective control. Regular monitoring and early intervention are key to preventing widespread damage.
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