Pigs have long been regarded as "mobile storage units" and "fertilizer factories" for farmers, playing a central role in agricultural production. Among the six major livestock species, pigs are the most significant. In China, pig farming has a long history and is one of the main sources of income for many rural families. It is also an effective way for farmers to increase their wealth. With the development of the market economy, the pig industry is gradually moving toward scientific, large-scale, and intensive practices. To raise pigs profitably, it's essential to implement strict cost control, efficiency improvement, and quantitative management systems. Scientific breeding methods not only save labor and materials but also bring higher economic returns. In contrast, traditional methods, which rely on extensive feeding, are inefficient and costly, seriously hindering the growth of the pig industry. Based on these challenges, the author has summarized some key issues faced by pig farmers and compiled them into the "Eight Precepts of Pig Raising," serving as a practical guide for the majority of pig farmers.
Introducing scientific breeding practices is crucial, and selecting the right breed is the first step. As the saying goes, "seven parts breeding, three parts feeding." Given current market demand, lean-type pigs are highly sought after. Therefore, farmers should choose three-way crossbred pigs, which grow faster, convert feed more efficiently, and have a higher lean meat ratio. When purchasing piglets, it's best to choose those with a body length, wide back, full buttocks, and a weaning weight of around 20 kg. These piglets are vigorous, gain weight quickly, and have a shorter fattening cycle. It's important to buy from reputable farms or directly from sow owners. Before purchasing, farmers should inquire about the piglet’s early growth and disease prevention measures. They should also assess their own breeding techniques, housing, feed availability, and financial capacity to avoid overexpanding too quickly, which could lead to poor management and losses.
Epidemic prevention is vital and should be strictly followed. The saying "no health, no profit" highlights its importance. Many farmers have suffered heavy losses due to poor disease control. Following a scientific immunization schedule, pigs should be vaccinated against major diseases. Maintaining clean housing and regularly disinfecting with lime water (10% to 20%) is essential. Farmers should avoid buying live pigs from infected areas, opt for self-breeding, and ensure strict quarantine and disinfection. Following the principle of "cleaning, prevention, pest control, and hygiene," feeding and management should be carried out carefully. Visitors should be limited to prevent stress and disturbance, which can negatively impact both disease prevention and feeding efficiency.
Pig houses should be divided into separate rooms based on rearing density and different growth stages. Keeping pigs in the same room using the "all-in, all-out" method helps maintain order, prevents fighting among different litters, and facilitates centralized disease control. This approach also supports economies of scale, improves resource recycling, and makes cleaning and disinfection easier, reducing the risk of disease transmission.
Many farmers still follow the outdated practice of raising large pigs, which is inefficient and time-consuming. Pigs grow according to specific biological rules, and each stage has its advantages. For example, young pigs grow bone quickly, middle-aged pigs build muscle, and older pigs deposit fat. As pigs grow, their maintenance needs increase, leading to higher feed costs and lower gains. Studies show that the energy required to gain fat is 2.6 times greater than that needed for weight gain. Additionally, as pigs grow, their body water content decreases, making larger pigs less economical. It's optimal to sell pigs at around 6 months old, weighing 90–100 kg.
Market fluctuations often confuse farmers. When prices drop, they may sell pigs prematurely; when prices rise, they might not have any to sell. Some farmers fail to understand market cycles and end up believing that pig farming is unprofitable. A typical market cycle lasts 3–5 years, with the trough period being a good time to prepare—such as improving facilities, planting feed crops, and strengthening breeding. During the mid-cycle, stock up on supplies and focus on breeding. At peak times, maximize profits. The market typically takes 5–8 months to recover from a trough to a peak, but drops quickly, usually within 1–3 months.
Poorly constructed pigsties are a common issue in rural areas. Many lack proper site selection and construction, making them unsuitable for efficient farming and disease control. Overly simple or overly complex designs both lead to inefficiencies. Ideal pigsty locations should be south-facing, on flat and dry land, away from roads and buildings. Each pig should have 1.4 square meters of space. The structure should be cool in summer and warm in winter, with good ventilation. Tap water and biogas tanks should be installed. Floors should be slightly rough and sloped for drainage. Troughs should be semi-circular, and automatic drinkers should be placed 0.45 meters above the ground.
Effective management is key to profitable pig farming. It requires attention to detail, responsibility, and diligence. Farmers should combine patience, confidence, and care. Implementing the "Five Ding" system—regular vaccinations, fixed pens, assigned caretakers, fixed feed, and regular feeding—is essential. The "Five Self" principles include self-fluidization of waste, mechanized material handling, controlled feed pricing, and self-service feeding. The "Three Nets" refer to washing green feed, cleaning troughs, and sweeping outside the pen.
Traditional pig farming often neglects cost accounting. The old practice of "zero storage and consolidation" leads to inefficient use of resources. Farmers must track several key accounts: feed usage, labor costs, time spent, and borrowing. Scientific feeding reduces feed waste significantly. For instance, scientific feeding results in 1–2 kg of weight gain per 4 kg of feed, while traditional methods require 4–5 kg for the same gain. Labor costs also rise under traditional practices, with only 10–20 pigs raised per person annually, compared to 100–200 under scientific methods. Time efficiency is also improved, with scientific methods allowing three batches per year instead of one. When funds are limited, government loans can help scale up operations, but careful planning and budgeting are necessary to ensure success.
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