Sclerotinia rot of rice

Symptoms Rice sclerotium stalk rot is mainly caused by P. ovale and P. sclerotiorum. Two diseases, either alone or in combination, are also known as sclerotium nucleus or stem rot. They are also known as rice brown nucleus disease, rice blastomycosis, rice gray sclerotia, etc. and are collectively referred to as rice sclerotinia or stem rot. China has occurred in all rice areas, but the prevalence of bacteria is different in different regions. The south of the Yangtze River Basin is mainly the micrococcus sclerotiorum and microsclerotia. The symptoms of microsepticosis and microsclerotia are similar and affect the lower leaf sheaths and culms of rice plants. At the beginning, small brown spots develop on the leaf sheaths near the water surface, and then expand into black longitudinal necrotic lines and large black spots. The mold layer often contains mycelium within the disease sheath. Sclerotinia does not form mycelium, and the black line is also shallow. The lesions continued to expand, causing the stem base to become black and soft, and the diseased part was grayish or reddish brown and rotted. The stalks were peeled off and the cavity was filled with pale white mycelium and dark brown sclerotia. Infect the panicle neck, causing the ear to dry. Brown sclerotinia disease is yellowed and dead in the leaf sheath, and no obvious lesions are formed. When the booting ear is affected, young ears cannot be extracted. Later in the sheath tissue formed a spherical black micro sclerotia. Gray Sclerotinia leaf sheath lesions formed by the formation of reddish-brown small spots on the flag leaf sheath formed long spots, generally do not cause rice lodging, later in the lesion surface and inside the formation of gray-brown small granular sclerotia.

Helminthosporiu sigmoideum var. irregulare Crall. et Tull. (Nakateae irregulare Hara) said that Aspergillus oryzae is a fungus belonging to the subphylum Aspergillus spp., which is a variant of the bacterium belonging to the bacterium Escherichia coli and has no sexual state. Find. Conidial stems are formed on the diseased tissue or floating on the surface of the sclerotia. They are solitary or clustered. The conidia are spun-shaped, curved or "S" shaped, with 3-4 membranes, 50-748- 12 (μm), tendril filaments on top cells. Sclerotia size is about 0.15mm, dark olive color. H. sigmoideum Cav. = N. sigmoidea (Cavara) Hara, with the characteristic Magnaporthe salvinii Catt. Krause et Webster. It is called Ascosphere fungus. China has not yet discovered. Divided

Spore stems dark brown, not branched, crescent-shaped conidia, size 41-6311-15 (μm), with 0-4 septa, more than 3 septa, the central two cells dark brown, both ends of cells pale . The sclerotia have a spherical shape with a size of about 0.25 mm. The sclerotia have two layers, the outer layer is black and the inner layer is brown. Sclerotium oryzae-sativae Saw is known as the brown fungus Sclerotium oryzae-sativae Saw. The number of sclerotia is small, spherical, oval or cylindrical, dark brown, size 0.3-2mm, rough surface, no difference between the inner and outer layers. The bacterium Sclerotium hydrophilum Sacc. is known as Hibiscus spp. Sclerotia spherical, brown to black, size 0.25-0.68mm, divided into two layers inside and outside, born in the leaf sheath group strong urge, but relatively

less. Helicoceras oryzae Linder et Tullis, a bacterium belonging to the bacterium Sclerotinium sclerotiorum, is a fungus belonging to the genus Deuteromycotina. Sclerotium murine, black, 0.14-0.240.06-0.14 (mm) in size, born in leaf sheath tissue. Sclerotium fumigatum Nak. ex Hara. Sclerotium fumigatum Nak. ex Hara. Su-nuclear spherical to elliptical, gray or gray-brown, the size of 0.3-1.5mm, born in the leaf sheath surface. Sclerotinia rhizoctonia oryzae Ryk. et Gooch said that Rhizoctonia solani is a fungus of the subphylum Fungi. Very few sclerotia, pale red, short column or flat, size 0.4-1.0mm, born in the leaf sheath group strong urge or leaf sheath. The Sclerotium orizicola Nakata et kawam of the brown sclerotium bacterium Sclerotium spp. Sclerotia are spherical or irregularly shaped, dark red-brown, 0.07-0.10 mm in size, born in leaf sheath tissue.

The transmission path and the onset of illness are mainly caused by Pediococcus sclerotiorum and S. sclerotiorum. The sclerotia mainly survives for many years when the sclerotia is overwintering in the rice piles and straw or scattered in the soil. When the soil is irrigated, the sclerotia floats in the water and adheres to the base of the field or leaf sheath. The hyphae invade the leaf sheath after germination of the sclerotia under suitable conditions (17° C.), and sclerotia are formed in the stem and sheath. Sometimes the surface of the lesion produces a light gray mold layer, which is a conidium of the pathogen. The conidia can also be re-infested by airborne or insect-borne transmission. However, the main disease is mainly short-distance re-infection. The number of sclerotia is a major factor in the incidence of the following year. The temperature limit for the development of germs is 11-35°C and the optimum temperature is 25-30°C. It is raining day and the sunshine is less conducive to Sclerotinia. Poorly irrigated and drained ponds have a severe onset of disease, and excessive or late dehydration of mid-season ripening occurs. Excessive application of nitrogen, too late, rice is too sick. Single-season rice is heavier than early rice. High culms and short culms were resistant to disease, and disease-resistant japonica rice was greater than japonica rice more than japonica rice. After heading, it is easy to develop disease. Insects are heavy and the wounds are heavy.

Prevention methods (1) Planting disease-resistant varieties Selecting Zaiguang No.2, No.4 Yongyou, IR24, Japonica rice 184, Evening No.6, Liukechun, No.14, Danhong, Guichao No.2, Guang Second 104, Shuangfei, Zhenjing 97, Zhenlong 13, Hongmeizao, No. 6 Agricultural Tiger, Nonghong 73, No. 8 Raw Ludiao, indica rice Xiushui system, indica Xianghu system, early rice plus alum system. (2) Reduce the source of bacteria. The diseased straw should be bred at high temperatures, and it must be cut into mud to cut rice. Conditional implementation of dry and dry rotation. Before transplanting, fight sclerotia. (3) Strengthen management of water and fertilizers, groundwater irrigation in shallow water, timely drying of the fields, and irrigation of horse water at a later stage to prevent premature water shortage. Apply more organic fertilizer, increase phosphorus and potassium fertilizers, especially potassium fertilizer, avoid partial application of nitrogen fertilizer. (4) Chemical control. Spraying 40% glutinous rice in the jointing and booting stages of rice (

Difenoxine) or 40% of Fuji No.1 EC 1000x, 5% Jinggangmycin 1000x, 70% Thiophanate-methyl (WP) 1000x, 50% Ling wettable powder 800 times, 50% fast keratin (Pythium) wettable powder 1500 times, 50% Vincythrin (Nongliling) wettable powder 1000-1500 times, 50% isoprenil (Phain) or 40% sclerotin net WP 1000 times, 20% CK Phosphate EC 1200 times.

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