I. Planning to build a park
1. Garden choice. Huang Li likes big fertilizer and water. The garden should choose a land with good ecological environment, fresh air, clean water, unpolluted soil, no pollution around, fertile soil, deep soil, and sunny leeward land. The orchard maintains a certain distance from the main line of traffic, factories and cities, and there are no sources of pollution in the vicinity or upstream of the river.
2. Scientific planning, rational close planting. In accordance with the principles of the north-south line of flat land, and the contours of the slopes, we plan to lay out lines and scientifically plan production areas, living areas, and roads, water conservancy, housing and other infrastructure. In accordance with the density of 4m1.5m or 3m2m close planting.
3. Deeply turn over the soil. According to the specification of 1m wide and 1m deep, the planting trenches should be excavated, and the planting trenches should be connected with the vertical drains to facilitate drainage and flood prevention. When the ditch is opened, the surface live mound is placed on the side of the planting ditch, the raw mound is placed on the other side of the ditch, and the crop straw is layered and backfilled, and the dung and phosphorus fertilizer are backfilled at the surface of 30 cm.
4. Pear planting (1) to buy strong seedlings. Purchase seedling height 80cm or above, graft interface diameter above 0.7cm, upper middle should have 6 to 10 full shoots, only 3 or more lateral roots, the root system is basically complete, no pest damage and without the quality of quarantine pests Seedlings.
(2) Treatment of pear seedlings before colonization. According to the proportion of 10% to 15% gold 20th Century or Zhongli No. 1 as pollination varieties. Before planting, the seedlings must be pruned, and any root-cutting or broken-branch wounds must be cut into smooth, flat sections perpendicular to the section to facilitate wound healing and promote new roots.
(3) Colonization. In Zhaoyuan City, colonization can be carried out after late October. Among them, the best in late fall (late October), followed by winter (early and mid-November), and spring planting again, and the spring planting of local seedlings by 20 March at the latest. End of the day. The method of colonization is: excavation and implantation of planting holes on the planting ditch, the depth of which exceeds the depth of the root system by about 10cm. After the seedlings are implanted, they are backfilled with fine soil. After all the root systems are covered, they are raised to stretch the root system, and the first time stepping on the soil is performed. Fine soil is pressed on the soil for the second time so that the soil is in close contact with the root system.
After the planting of pear seedlings, with the seedling stem as the center, a round earthworm was built with a radius of 50cm, and the root water was immediately filled. One week before the planting, if the rain is not reduced, watering should be performed 1 or 2 times to improve the survival rate of the planting pear seedlings.
(4) check seedlings fill seedlings. After the new pear orchard is planted for 1 week, it is necessary to conduct seedling seedling recruitment in a timely manner. It is found that dry dead seedlings, severe water loss seedlings, injury seedlings or missing seedlings must be replanted in time, and it is best to transplant with soil. Autumn replanting is suitable from late October to November, and spring replanting takes 2 months as the appropriate period. The later the survival rate of replanting is lower.
Sloping land to build a garden, starting from the planting of pear seedlings, the ladder must be frequently repaired in order to build a back-up terraced land for soil conservation, water conservation and fertilizer conservation.
Second, cultivate high yield tree
1. Small crown evacuation layered. Pear seedlings were dried from 70-90 cm before the spring sprouting. In the first year, long-term deployment, slow-release, and light-cut are adopted. In combination with pull-branch, 3 main branches of the first floor, 2 main branches of the 2nd floor, and 2 main branches of the main branch are scattered and distributed to facilitate ventilation and light transmission. 90 ~ 100cm, the main branch opening angle of 50 ~ 60, the first layer of the main branch selected to leave 2 ~ 3 side branches, the second layer selected to stay 2 main branches, tree height control within 3m. In order to weaken the central dry growth, the method of changing heads and heads was used to bend the central trunk. 4 to 5 years to complete the main branch and result branch group culture.
2. More main branches happy shape. For plots with excellent garden conditions, after the pears are planted and fixed, leave 2 to 3 main branches of the lateral branch culture in the main shaping belt, and then increase the length of the main branch of the first layer to 70 cm or more. In the month, the branch was established and a central growth strong main branch was selected as the central leader. After it was cut to 80 cm or more, it was promoted to form the main branch of the second floor, and the tree height was controlled within 3m. In 4 to 5 years, the main and lateral branch groups were cultured, and after the formation of the main branch of the second layer, the auxiliary branches and branches were left to fall, and the light was improved.
Third, flower and fruit management
1. Thinning and thinning fruit. Bud extension period, thinning out the thin buds; inflorescence separation period until the flowering period to eliminate the central flower. Immediately after flowering, fruit thinning and fruit setting are carried out. According to strong branches and leaves, the apex is left less; on this basis, the flowers and fruits of the short fruiting branches are kept as far as possible, and the long fruiting branches are left less or removed. The sparse fruit is divided into two times, the first 10cm leaves 1 fruit, the second 20cm leaves 1 fruit, leaf, fruit ratio is 20:1. Thinning fruit and setting fruit should be sunny and rainy days should not be carried out.
2. Flower pollination. The pear orchard adopts the flowering period bee or artificial pollination method, which can effectively increase the fruit setting rate, and the effect of releasing the bee is better. Normally, about 0.3 hectares of pear orchards are stocked with 1 box of bees to obtain ideal pollination results.
3. Fruit bagging. It takes 40 to 50 days after flowering, and it is generally grasped until mid-to-late May. Choose a black paper bag inside the double layer and spray the fungicide and insecticide before bagging.
IV. Soil and Fertilizer Water Management
1. Soil management. The center work is to cultivate fertility, deep turning the soil, and on the basis of the excavation and planting ditch for the orchard soil, all deep plowing once in the first 3 years, depth 80 ~ 100cm, backfill organic matter, preferably in autumn and winter. At the same time actively promote the orchard grass technology, the line can be planted clover, cut 2 to 3 times a year to cover the line, you can also draw on the spot, the weeds, straw, rough manure, etc. on the line between the grass covered with a thin layer Fine soil can also resist drought, keep grass, no grass and increase soil.
2. Fertilization. (1) Base fertilizer. Each year, 667 square meters of fermented organic fertilizer can be applied to more than 5000kg per year. (2) Dressing. According to soil nutrient conditions, formula fertilization, according to each producing 100kg of fruit need Nlkg, 0.5kg phosphorus pentoxide, potassium oxide 1kg requirements topdressing, while chasing iron, zinc, boron and other trace fertilizer. Throughout the year, it can be topdressed before, after and during fruit enlargement. (3) foliar spray fertilizer. Throughout the year, foliar fertilizers can be applied after flowering, during fruit enlargement, and before fruit harvesting, 0.3% to 0.5% urea, 0.2% to 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 0.1% to 0.2% borax, or multiple liquid micronutrients, etc. .
3. Irrigation and drainage. (1) Watering. Conditional areas can be watered according to flood conditions, focusing on pre-flowering, post-flowering and fruit-expansion periods. (2) Drainage. In the rainy season, vertical drainage channels shall be opened to drain water in time to prevent the accumulation of water in the park.
V. Pest Control The common pests and diseases include: Scab, black spot, rust, boll disease, early deciduous disease, pear borer, pear tiger, pear, elephant, pear hibiscus, pear stem bee, beetle and so on.
1. Sleep disease. Cut off pests and branches, scrape rough skin, lesions, and old cracks on the trunk, clean up dead branches, fallen leaves, and sick stalemates in the park, and burn them in a concentrated manner; apply 5 times Guofukang and Cortis Clear to the stem and disease areas. At the end of November and early March, each flower bud was sprayed with 3% to 5% Baume degree lime sulfur.
2. Sprout until flowering. Spray 10% imidacloprid 3500x + +1.5% multi-mycin 300x.
3. Young fruit and bagging before. 8-12 days after flowering, 70% thiophanate-methyl 800 times solution and 50% dichlorvos EC 800-1000 solution were sprayed. Before the bagging in mid-May, 75% chlorothalonil 1000 times solution + 20% cypermethrin EC 3500 times solution and +10% imidacloprid EC 4000 times solution were sprayed.
4. Fruit growth period. From the middle to the end of June to July, 70% thiophanate-methyl 800 times, 75% of the bacteriocin 1000 times liquid bactericide and 10% imidacloprid, the enemy kill, and the enemy whitefly insecticide can be sprayed alternately.
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