I. Variety characteristics
1. Botanical characteristics Huangguan pear is crowned conical and its tree stands upright. Main branch and perennial branches dark brown, 1-year-old branches dark brown, lenticels round, medium density; leaf blade elliptic, mature leaves dark green, tip acuminate, leaf base cordate, leaf margins bristle serrate, young leaves Crimson red, petiole 2.0 cm long, 0.25 cm thick; corolla white, anthers light purple, with an average of 8 flowers per inflorescence.
2. The florescence flower bud germination period is in the middle and late March, the early flowering period is in early April, the final flowering period is in mid-April, and the flowering period is 7 days. The new shoots stop at the end of June, and the juvenile tree grows twice. The fruit matures in the middle and early August, and the fruit growth period is 120 days.
3. Fruit traits Fruit oval, a large, average fruit weight 320 grams, the maximum fruit weight 580 grams. The fruit has a longitudinal diameter of 7.8 cm and a horizontal diameter of 7.2 cm. The skin is yellow, smooth, and has a small fruit spot. The stalks are narrow, the scorpion is deep, and the sepals fall off. The heart is small, the flesh is white, the meat is delicate and crunchy, and there are few stone cells and residues. Sweet and sour palatability and rich flavor, the average soluble solids content of 11.4%, excellent quality evaluation. It can be stored for 20 days under natural conditions, and can be stored until next year under refrigerated conditions.
Second, the cultivation of technical characteristics Planting row spacing to 35 meters is appropriate, can be with pear, crest and other varieties of pollination. Because its branches are more erect, it is necessary to pull branches to open the angle. Reasonable thinning and fruit thinning are the key technologies for high yield and stable production in successive years. Generally, fruit spacing is 30 centimeters for fruit retention and the main fruit is stay.
1. High standard construction The park is well planned and designed before it is built. Plant spacing 35 meters or 46 meters, digging large pits to apply fertilizer and water; select a seedling without pests and diseases, robust growth, with a thickness of 0.8 cm or more and a height of 1 meter or more; the best time for planting is from early November to the end of November Or next spring March; buried not too deep, the neck is about 5 cm above the ground.
2. Promotion of rapid prototyping and flowering techniques After long-term planting on the center stem, the long branches sent out from the center should be lightly trimmed to facilitate the crown expansion. Generally, it is not sparse. In the growing season, methods such as topping, girdling, brushing, and multi-channel incisional wounds are used together with pulling branches to increase the amount of branches and promote the conversion of branches to short branches. , Summer twisting, Autumn pull branches open angle, the rapid formation of young trees, early results.
3. Reapply organic fertilizer, increase phosphorus and potassium fertilizers to deepen the soil, and apply base fertilizer in autumn. In full fruit period, basal fertiliser is applied every October. Pre-fertilizer: The main application of nitrogen fertilizer, accounting for 30% of the annual application of nitrogen fertilizer; flower before the fertilizer: in the middle and early May, the main nitrogen and potassium fertilizer, nitrogen fertilizer accounted for 10% of the annual application amount, potash fertilizer accounted for the whole year 60% of the applied amount; fruit enlargement and fertilizer: From June to July, nitrogen fertilizer accounts for 10% of the annual application amount, and potassium fertilizer accounts for 40% of the annual application amount. Top dressing should be based on a small number of principles.
4. Using the high-yielding tree shape, the winter-summer shearing combined with the tree shape of the pear tree adopts a spindle shape, changing the trunk sparse layer pattern in the past, so that each tree has 6-8 main branches. The main branches of the lower layer are mainly short cuts, and the multiple branches increase the canopy, speeding up the growth of the vegetative organs; the main branches of the upper layer are long-distributed to promote short fruit branches; the excess branches and the competing branches need to be sheared in time. In summer, cutting angles, brushing shoots, main branch toppings, branching branches, and lifting hanging branches are used to open the angle, slow down the growth potential, and make the transition from vegetative growth to reproductive growth and achieve early results.
5. Flower and fruit management (1) Artificial pollination: In order to improve the fruit setting rate and fruit quality, artificial pollination must be carried out, and "papake pear" should be selected as the pollination variety.
(2) Sparse flowering: It should be carried out during the bud stage of flower buds. In principle, it requires 20 to 30 centimeters to leave a sequence. It is advisable to leave one flower for each sequence.
(3) Thinning fruit: It should start 10 days after the flower falls, and end the fruit thinning at the end of April. Advocate the main result, eliminate multiple results. Zhuangzhi more fruits, weak branches with less fruit. According to the standard of leaving 300 fruits per hundred kilograms of output, the fruit is thinned.
6. Fruit bagging Bagging is one of the main measures to improve the appearance quality, reduce pesticides, air pollution, pests and diseases, and produce green pollution-free fruit.
(1) Bagging time: The best from the early May to the May 15 after fruit thinning. Bagging too late will affect its appearance quality.
(2) Selection of bags: Choose double-layered high-quality wood pulp paper, black outer yellow or double yellow, thin and thick transparent, rain-resistant paper bags.
7. Application of protective agents Spraying of 5 Baume lime sulfur compounds before budding; spraying of imidacloprid in April to control aphids; 5-6 months of spraying of pyrethrin pesticides and avermectin and Seco pesticides, prevention and treatment of pear borer, Red spider, scab; from July to August, spray Bordeaux fluid to protect the leaves and increase nutrition; from June to September, hang the sweet and sour liquid bowl on the tree to trap the adult insects of the pear borer, and kill the scarabs and various moths with black light lamps. The sex attractant was used to kill the adult insects of Myzus persicae and P. edulis.
Spraying before bagging: The fungicide is selected from Dasheng M-45, thiophanate-methyl, and carbendazim. The insecticide can be used with high-efficiency and low-toxicity pesticides. It is forbidden to use highly pungent pesticide formulations. Requires spraying on the first day and bagging after 3 days. If it is not finished or raining on the 7th day, it must be sprayed and then bagged.
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