To ensure a smooth and safe calving process, it's essential to take proactive steps that minimize the risk of complications for both cows and calves. The goal is to help every cow deliver her calf without unnecessary stress or harm, allowing the cow to enter the lactation period in good health and ensuring the calf has the best start in life. Achieving this requires attention to several key areas, starting with hygiene and moving on to proper intervention when needed.
First, maintaining strict disinfection protocols is crucial. Cows in the perinatal stage have weakened immune systems, making them more vulnerable to infections. Therefore, regular cleaning and disinfection of their living areas are vital. For instance, cow beds should be disinfected at least once a week using products such as acid, alkaline, or chlorine-based solutions. Before applying any disinfectant, make sure the area is thoroughly cleaned—disinfection only works effectively on a clean surface.
Additionally, the cow’s udder should be disinfected daily to prevent mastitis after birth. A 1:4 iodophor solution is recommended for this purpose. It's also important to promote natural delivery whenever possible, as around 70% of cows can give birth without assistance. When a cow shows signs of labor, she should be gently guided into a clean, well-ventilated delivery area. If a dedicated calving pen isn't available, a temporary space can be created using a few clean cow beds surrounded by railings. The cow should be allowed to move freely, and human interference should be kept to a minimum. However, close observation throughout the process is necessary to intervene if needed.
After calving, it's best not to rush the calf away from the mother. Allowing the cow to dry the calf with her tongue for at least an hour helps stimulate milk production and supports the expulsion of the placenta. This natural bonding time is beneficial for both the cow and the calf.
When artificial assistance is required, careful preparation is essential. Before performing any manual intervention, check the cow’s overall condition, including body temperature, mobility, and any signs of illness. Examine the birth canal for abnormalities such as uterine torsion or a narrow pelvis, and assess the fetus for viability, position, and whether it’s a twin pregnancy. Any signs of distress or complications may require immediate action.
During artificial midwifery, all tools and hands must be properly disinfected. Using disposable gloves and iodophor or benzalkonium-based solutions is recommended to reduce the risk of infection. Equipment should never be reused without thorough cleaning and sterilization. If the calf is too large or the birth canal is too narrow, a caesarean section may be necessary to protect both the cow and the calf.
Postpartum care involves two main components: treating the cow and caring for the calf. For the cow, offering warm brown sugar water (or red sugar and motherwort tea) soon after birth helps restore energy. Monitor her closely for any signs of complications, such as retained placenta, uterine prolapse, or abnormal discharge. Check her appetite, body temperature, and milk quality regularly.
For the calf, the first step is to identify its sex, weigh it, and record its details. The umbilical cord should be treated with a 5–10% iodine solution to prevent infection. Calves should be encouraged to nurse colostrum within the first 1.5 hours of birth, as this provides essential antibodies. Early feeding should follow the "three settings" principle: timing, temperature, and quantity. After each feeding, milk containers must be sterilized, and any remaining milk on the calf’s mouth should be wiped with a clean towel to prevent disease transmission through licking.
By following these steps, ranchers can significantly improve the chances of successful calving and healthy calf development, ultimately supporting the long-term productivity and well-being of the herd.
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