Plant diseases are generally divided into two main categories: physiological disorders and infectious (pathological) diseases. Physiological diseases result from environmental or cultural factors rather than pathogens, while infectious diseases are caused by living organisms such as fungi, bacteria, viruses, nematodes, and mycoplasmas.
Common physiological issues include sunburn in summer due to intense light, frost damage in winter, root rot from overwatering, leaf wilting or drop from underwatering, and nutrient deficiencies. For example, nitrogen deficiency leads to yellowing of older leaves, phosphorus deficiency may prevent flowering even if the leaves look normal, and potassium deficiency can cause extensive leaf loss and plant decay. Over-fertilization or using uncomposted organic matter can lead to tender shoots, while alkaline soil may cause yellowing of foliage. Acidic soils can weaken certain plants, causing leaf scorch. These conditions are not contagious and can be resolved by adjusting growing conditions, ensuring proper watering, fertilizing, and maintaining a suitable environment for plant health.
Biological infestations, on the other hand, involve living pathogens that spread from plant to plant. Common garden diseases include:
1. **Leaf Spot**: This disease affects many plants, including begonias, hollyhocks, impatiens, and roses. Symptoms include brown, black, or gray spots on leaves, which may eventually lead to yellowing, curling, and leaf drop.
2. **Powdery Mildew**: A fungal disease that appears as white powdery patches on leaves, stems, and buds. It can stunt growth and reduce flowering. Proper ventilation and avoiding overhead watering help control it.
3. **Anthracnose**: Affects leaves, stems, and flowers, causing dark, sunken lesions. Orchids, pansies, and hydrangeas are commonly affected. Good air circulation is essential for prevention.
4. **Gray Mold**: Causes soft, water-soaked spots that develop into gray, fuzzy mold under wet conditions. It often affects peonies, cyclamen, and camellias, and can kill entire plants if left unchecked.
5. **Bacterial Soft Rot**: Affects bulbs, roots, and rhizomes, causing them to become soft, mushy, and smelly. Plants like lilies and dahlias are particularly vulnerable.
6. **Root Cancer**: Caused by bacterial infection, this disease forms galls on roots, leading to poor growth and eventual plant death. Roses, chrysanthemums, and carnations are frequently affected.
7. **Nematode Diseases**: These microscopic worms attack roots and leaves, causing galls, yellowing, and stunted growth. Compositae, Rosaceae, and Begoniaceae plants are at higher risk.
To manage pests and diseases effectively, focus on prevention. Maintain clean tools and pots, use disease-resistant varieties, ensure good drainage and ventilation, avoid overwatering and excessive fertilizer, and promptly remove infected plants. Applying fungicides like Bordeaux mixture or lime sulfur regularly can also help. By taking these steps, gardeners can significantly reduce the risk of disease and maintain healthy, thriving plants.
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