Mushroom cultivation using soil-filled bags offers a simplified approach that eliminates the need for tedious tasks like pinching buds and soaking water. This technique creates a stable, humid environment ideal for shiitake growth and is seen as a promising management strategy. However, the method can be adapted based on local conditions and available resources.
(a) In all-overlay cultivation, 1555 cm plastic bags are used to hold the substrate. After sterilization, inoculation, and germination, the bags are ready for ground placement when the mycelium turns light brown and covers more than two-thirds of the surface. The trampoline (a shallow trench) is typically 4–5 meters long, 0.8–1 meter wide, and 35–40 cm deep. The inner walls are lined with wheat straw, and a small amount of lime water is added to the bottom. Once the bag is cut open, the remaining plastic is removed, and the mushroom rod is placed upright in the trench. Sandy loam soil is used to cover the rod, with the first layer being about 1.5 cm thick. Watering is done twice, and after the second watering, soil is filled between the rods. Every 7–10 days, another thin layer of soil (about 0.5 cm) is added. The soil must be fine and evenly spread. The trampoline should be sloped and covered with a shed made of straw or plastic. During colder months, the shade can be removed to increase temperature. If conditions are right, mushrooms will appear within 15–20 days. During this time, the soil surface is misted every 2–3 days, but avoid direct spraying on the mushrooms. Harvest promptly, and refill the soil after each harvest to protect the mushroom rods. Within 7–10 days, new buds will emerge. This method ensures better moisture retention, reduces water loss, concentrates nutrients, and results in thicker, higher-quality mushrooms.
(b) For half-soil cultivation using 1733 cm bags, each bag contains 0.5 kg of dry material. The bags are filled in August or September, and the mycelium matures in about 40 days. After that, the bags are placed in a prepared trench. Choose a flat area with good access to water. The trench is 1.5–2 meters wide, built with earthen walls that are higher on the north side (50 cm) and lower on the south (20 cm). Straw shades are also added. After leveling the ground, insecticides like carbendazim and lime powder are applied. The bags are then arranged vertically, spaced 4–5 rows apart, with a 10 cm walkway in between. The soil used is fine and well-structured, with a pH adjusted to 7–8 using lime water. The soil is filled around the bags, leaving about 2 cm exposed. Watering is done to keep the soil moist. When the temperature is between 20–25°C, the mushrooms start to color after 10–15 days, with a humidity level of around 95%. Watering is done once every 3–4 days, and the first harvest occurs within 20–30 days. During bud formation, watering is light to prevent dirt from splashing onto the mushrooms. In winter, straw curtains help maintain warmth. In spring, the film is removed, and ventilation or shading is increased.
(c) Another method involves placing unsterilized mushroom tubes in soil, covering them with straw, and soaking them. After 7–10 days, the topsoil is removed, and heavy watering is applied. A dry-wet cycle is maintained. When many buds form, heavy watering continues until no further watering is needed. Rainwater is collected quickly, and the film is covered to maintain a "dry outside, wet inside" environment, which promotes mushroom formation. Mushrooms grown this way are thick and fleshy with clear patterns. After harvesting, the tubes are flipped, re-covered with soil, and watered again after 3 days. The process is repeated to collect more mushrooms.
This cultivation method brings several benefits: first, the mushrooms are thick and large in size; second, yields increase by 40–50% compared to traditional methods, with a bioconversion rate over 145% and a flowering mushroom rate of about 60%; third, the mushroom rods naturally turn color without contamination; fourth, they absorb stored soil moisture, reducing the need for frequent watering later; fifth, it's cost-effective and easy to manage, significantly improving productivity.
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