Flower seed comprehensive treatment technology

1. Seed cleaning: Seed treatment is one of the key technologies for realizing flower seedling planting. The selection is to remove inclusions in the seeds, such as scales, peels, stalks, leaves, shards, pods, diseased granules. , soil particles, other types of seeds, etc., in order to facilitate the smooth progress of sowing. Usually a small amount of seeds can be selected by hand. When the amount of seeds is relatively large, wind selection, screening, and water selection can be used. 1.Wind-selection: It is suitable for medium and small-grained seeds and utilizes wind, hoe or rakes for net seeding. A small amount of seeds can be used to promote debris. 2. Screening: Using sieves with different sizes of pores, remove inclusions larger than the seed, and use other methods to remove impurities equivalent to the seed size. The screening can remove a portion of small particles of impurities, and different size sieves can also be used to classify different size seeds. Seed's seedlings have different growth potentials due to their different germination and seedling abilities. Seed grading, that is, the same size seeds were sown, can ensure that the flower seedlings germination neat, consistent growth potential, easy to manage. Practice has proved that in seeds of the same source, the bigger and heavier the seeds are, the more robust the seedlings are, and the better the quality of seedlings is. The seeds of the same level were sown, the speed of emergence was uniform, the growth and development of the seedlings were uniform, and the differentiation was less. The lower rate of non-conformity has great significance for production. The grading work is usually carried out at the same time as the net seed, and it can also be carried out by means of wind selection, screening and grain selection. 3. Water selection: Generally used for large and heavy seeds, such as seeds of locusts and legumes, using the buoyancy of water to float debris and empty seeds, leaving the full seeds below. Water selection generally uses salt water or yellow muddy water. The proportion of water is 1.1-1.25 g/cm3, and the grains and impurities floating on it are removed. Water soaking can be performed after sowing. Water can not be exposed after water selection, it must be dry. The time for water selection should not be too long. Second, seed disinfection: seed disinfection commonly used fungicides, insecticides, and sterilization and insecticide mixture treatment. Its role is: 1 to prevent the spread of systemic diseases epidemic; 2 to prevent rotten species and seedlings wilt; 3 to promote germination; 4 to prevent storage diseases; 5 to prevent soil-borne diseases and so on. The purpose is to increase the germination rate of seeds, to bring out the seedlings neatly, to promote the growth of seedlings, to shorten the period of seedling raising, and to increase the yield and quality of seedlings. 1, physical disinfection method: seed disinfection methods are physical methods such as sunlight exposure, ultraviolet light, warm soup soaking. Sun exposure is only suitable for flower seeds that are not susceptible to loss of germination under sun exposure. Soaking seed with warm soup has a long history in China. Jia Suiyu in the Northern Wei Dynasty used hot water to soak in rice in his Qi Min Yao Shu. Baker (1947) also proposed the use of warm soup soaking to prevent devastating horticultural plants. Winter (1994) also mentioned this method to control wheat diseases. Temperature soaking general water temperature is about 40 ~ 45 °C, soaking for 1 day. The method is suitable for black pine, oriental arborvitae, bitter buckwheat, Chinese pine, larch and the like. 2, chemical disinfection method: In order to prevent species-borne diseases, pests, chemical disinfection is very necessary. Chemicals currently used for the soaking of flowers and trees are cyanogenic methosulphate, methoxyethyl mercury acetate, formalin, potassium permanganate, carbendazim, thiram, ferrous sulfate, copper sulphate, and fungicidal bacteria. Special class. Pharmaceutical soaking can treat seeds, bulbs, and roots of flower forest trees. It has good effects in preventing and controlling species transmission, soil-borne diseases, and system diseases. The advantage of this method is that it has no dust, and the contact of pesticides with seeds is good. The disadvantage is that the vapors of the medicament are toxic and require specialized gas masks and special equipment. After seed soaking, the seed must be stored in a sealed warehouse or room for 24 hours before sowing, and drying is required after soaking. (1) Copper sulfate, soaking in potassium permanganate solution: 10.31% copper sulfate soaking for 46 hours; 20.5% potassium permanganate soaking for 2 hours; 30.5% potassium permanganate soaking for 30 minutes. The above methods are suitable for seed treatment of coniferous and broad-leaved species and most garden plants. (2) Formaldehyde soaking: 0.15% formaldehyde, soaking for 15 minutes 1 to 2 days before sowing, removing the seeds for 2 hours, spread out and dry. Note that formaldehyde is toxic to humans and should be guarded during use. (3) Seed Dressing: 1 Thiophanate-methyl (alias, thiophanate-methyl): 50% or 70% wettable powder dressing to prevent seedling diseases such as calendula, cineraria, impatiens, Powdery mildew; primrose gray; orchid, evergreen anthrax; cockscomb brown spot; zinnia black spot and so on. Note: When thiophanate-methyl is used for a long period of time, the pathogenic bacteria will produce resistance and reduce the control effect. It can be used interchangeably with other agents, but it cannot be used interchangeably with carbendazim. Polyvinyl alcohol can be used as a sticking agent for seed dressing, with 200 times the amount of 0.7% of the seed amount. 2 Phoxim: To control underground pests, 50% of the EC can be used for seed dressing, 0.1-0.15% of the seed amount. 3 Soil application or seed dressing of pentachloronitrobenzene mixture: the ratio of quintozene to the enemy is 3:1, and 2-6 g/m2 of soil is applied before sowing, or the amount of seeds used by the enemy 0.2 to 0.5% seed dressing can prevent blight (such as conifers, plants, etc.). 4 Saili Powder (ethyl mercury phosphate) seed dressing: 20 days before sowing, 2g/kg seeds, sealed and stored after seed dressing, 20 days after sowing, disinfection and protection. Suitable for conifer species. 5 West Lisheng (chloroethyl mercury chloride) seed dressing: Use 1-2g/kg seeds, suitable for the disinfection of conifer seeds, and have the role of promoting germination. 6 Others such as carbendazim, thiram, etc. Seed dressing: For example, the sangyangxiang bulbs should be disinfected immediately after harvesting, heat treated at 30°C for 10-15 days before storage, and mixed with 50% fosfime 1000x liquid. The bulb can also be seeded with 50% Benzol 1000 times liquid, dried and stored. Can effectively control the disease caused by Fusarium, such as bulb rot disease. To disinfect the gladiolus bulbs, soak the bulb with 50% carbendazim 500 times for 30 minutes, then plant it with 50% thiram and 500 times liquid, or use Capitacum (1 liters of water plus 480g of 1% enemy bacteria Danjiao Suspension) Add procymidone (1 liter of water plus 500 g of 0.2% procymidone) for 10 minutes. Stir constantly to prevent precipitation and affect the efficacy. Third, several chemical methods to deal with the seed review: With the development of the pesticide industry, the seed processing technology has also undergone corresponding changes, from the ancient hot water treatment to the pharmaceutical treatment, the emergence of systemic insecticides and fungicides, but also The pharmaceutical treatment from the soaking of pesticides to powder dressing. China's flower forest seed treatment methods mainly include pesticide soaking, powder dressing and plastic suspension treatment. Seed soaking: Special containers are needed. Some mercury vapors are poisonous and need protective tools. If the solution is treated improperly, it will pollute the environment. Powder dressing method is simple, fast, labor-saving and time-saving. However, it has two insurmountable disadvantages. First, pesticides are easily peeled off after powder dressing and the efficacy is reduced. Second, dust pollutes the environment and endangers human health. Since the emergence of a new pesticide formulation, a powder is quickly replaced. . The glue suspension has no dust pollution and has a low dropout rate. Therefore, carbendazim and triadimefon suspensions are quickly used for planting. Sub-processing, bagging, sowing or storage immediately after treatment without drying and storage. However, most of the suspensions are single preparations, and they cannot be treated with one dose of both diseases and insects. When both diseases and insect pests are to be treated, they must be repeatedly seeded and the operation is cumbersome. It also involves the question of whether two or more agents can be used together. It is the appearance of the glue suspension agent that gives an inspiration to the research of the seed coating agent. In addition, there are also pilled seeds in flower and tree seed processing methods. The application of seed coating agents to the treatment of seed dressing flowers and seedlings of peony seeds is far less widespread than the application of crops. According to reports, applications at home and abroad in wheat, barley, cotton, corn, rice, beet, canola and other crops are very common. Seed coating agent treatment seed has the advantages of no dust, less pollution to the environment, rapid film formation of the medicament, no need of drying, uniform distribution of the medicament on the surface of the seed, no fall off of the medicament during packaging, transportation and sowing; the coated seed Do not stick into pieces to maintain the seed's fluidity; save seeds to increase seedling rate. Fourth, dormancy of seeds: seeds with vitality, under suitable environmental conditions, due to the seeds can not germinate the phenomenon of internal reasons, called dormancy. For seeds that germinate quickly under appropriate conditions, they are called seeds of quiescence. Some flower seeds germinate directly after maturing on the mother's body is called "fetal sprouting" phenomenon. Causes of dormancy are roughly as follows: seed coat effect, the presence of inhibitory germinating substances, and embryos that have not yet been ripened. 1, seed coat effect: 1 kinds of skin impervious, leading to hibernation. Such as leguminous plants hard. Such as hollyhock, three-colored convolvulus, moonflower, three-colored morning glory, milk vetch, lupine, sweet peas, etc., umbilical characteristics and water permeability are closely related to the umbilicus have "vales" to control moisture, when the seeds in the wet In the next, the "door" is closed and the water cannot enter. In the dry conditions, the "door" is opened and the water vapor is released. Hard-hard concept: Some kinds of plants, because the seed coat is impermeable to water and air, so that moisture and air can not enter the interior of the seed, when soaked with warm water, the seed is also difficult to absorb water and expand, the seed is always in a dormant state, such seeds are called hard. It can be used to break the dormancy by cutting seed coats. 2 kinds of skin impermeable: some plants of seeds, although the water can enter the seed coat, but the gas is difficult to enter, in the case of high moisture content, the gas is more difficult to enter the moist seed coat, but also because of the high moisture content of the seeds, respiratory vigorous CO2 is emitted when O2 is consumed, the former (O2) cannot enter, the latter (CO2) cannot be discharged, and the resistance to gas exchange is inhibited, affecting the internal biochemical changes of the seeds, the growth of embryos, the dormancy of seeds of grasses and cotton seeds, etc. This is mainly caused by this reason. The mechanical restraint effect of three kinds of skin: such as walnuts, apricots, peaches, plums, red bayberry, coconut, Alisma, Brassica, lone vegetable, etc. due to the mechanical binding of the seed coat, so that the embryo can not grow outward, the seeds are in long-term Suction saturation, until the seed coat is dry, the cell wall colloidal properties change, before germination. Seeds that are tough, dense, or have a leathery or waxy seed on their surface tend to limit seed germination and become dormant. 2. Inhibition of the presence of germinating substances: The peels, endosperm, or embryos of some plants contain substances that inhibit germination, such as phenols, ammonia, ethylene, hydrogen cyanide, and organic acids. Recent studies have shown that the main inhibitor is abscisic acid (ABA). The ABA content in the embryo is directly proportional to the depth of dormancy. The amount of abscisic acid in the dormant seeds was high, and with the release of dormancy, the level of abscisic acid gradually decreased. For example, konjac seed coat contains tannins, about 5.5%, inhibiting seed germination. The factors affecting seed germination may be the result of a combination of various factors. According to another report, abscisic acid exists in the seed coat of poplars, affecting the germination of seeds. Before germination, the seeds are soaked in clean water, and the seed can germinate after the abscisic acid dissolves. 3, embryos need to be cooked: 1 physiological after-ripening: the embryo of the seed is not yet fully mature. Under suitable conditions, even if peeling the seed (fruit) skin, it cannot germinate. Such seeds generally need to be germinated long after they have been exposed to low temperature and humidity for several weeks to several months. This phenomenon is called physiological after-ripening. Such as twigs, chrysanthemums, petunias, sweet peas, all seasons primrose, pansy, poinsettia, grass, etc., the seeds need to be stored at low temperatures for a certain period of time before germination. Generally, after harvesting, the seeds of trees will undergo a winter season under conditions of low temperature and humidity, and they will not germinate until the spring of the following year. Such as chestnut, apple and so on. 2 Pattern after ripening: It is one of the reasons for some seeds to sleep. When seeds of some plants, such as ginkgo biloba and orchid holly, are harvested, the seeds have shown mature morphological characteristics, but their embryos have not been well-differentiated and the embryos are still very small. It is necessary to continue organ differentiation under appropriate conditions (generally The phenomenon of having a ripening period of 4 to 5 months) is called form ripening. Such plants include: Ranunculus, Fraxinus mandshurica, ash tree, wild rose, holly, Euonymus and so on. Seed germination requires strict environmental conditions such as temperature, moisture, and air. For example, the suitable temperature for the seed germination of Gloxinia is 24°C. In general, the plastic film should be covered to maintain the humidity of the pot soil. For seeds with long resting periods or seeds with inconsistent dormancy periods, necessary treatment is performed before sowing to break the dormancy, otherwise the seeds do not germinate neatly. 5. Seed germination: Seed bud destruction is a measure to relieve seed dormancy and promote seed germination. It destroys seed dormancy through destroying buds, makes seeds unearthed at the right time, and is unearthed neatly to increase germination rate and increase seedling rate, reduce sowing volume, and improve seedlings. Yield and quality. 1. Conditions for seed germination: (1) Moisture: Seeds must absorb a certain amount of water to germinate. Moisture is the primary condition for germination, as long as there is moisture, the seeds can be expanded, the seed coats can be broken, and the hydrolytic enzymes in the seeds can be activated, so that the storage materials in the seeds can be converted into structural materials for germination. (2) Temperature: The temperature has a great influence on the germination of seeds, and the internal physiological and biochemical actions of the seeds are performed at a certain temperature. Seed germination also has a "three-point" temperature. That is, the highest, lowest, and optimum temperatures. Seeds lose their germination power outside the maximum and minimum temperature ranges, high temperatures denature seeds, and cold temperatures cause seeds to freeze. The optimum temperature is not the fastest growing temperature, but the temperature is high and the growth is fast, but the seedlings are weak. The temperature at which the seedling grows and develops is called the optimum temperature. (1) Temperature-changing seeds can stimulate the activity of the hydrolase in the seed, which is conducive to the transformation of the nutrient substances in the seed, and convert the storage material into a structural material; the temperature change can also make the seed coat collapse due to expansion and contraction, which facilitates the gas exchange of the seed. To promote germination. 2 Temperature change treatment bulbs: bulbs with variable temperature treatment bulbs can promote flower bud differentiation of bulb flowers, which can promote robust root development, robust growth of stems and leaves, and can also regulate the flowering period. For example, 2 days before planting the gladiolus balls, soaking in water at 32°C, remove floating balls, then soak in seeds for 53 minutes with 53-55°C liquid (100g bezotelate + 180g captan), and rinse with cold water for 10 minutes. Reserve at 2～4°C; in order to bloom the tulip in December, after harvesting in June, place it at 34°C for 1 week and then at 17～20°C to promote flower bud differentiation until mid-August and late August. The temperature was changed to 7 to 9°C for 6 weeks. 3 Temperature-change treatment of flower vegetative bodies can break the physiological dormancy of some plants. For example, the natural flowering period of Gypsophila paniculata is from May to September. Under the condition of low temperature and short daylight in winter, the internodes of the gypsophila do not elongate and grow in a rosette shape. They cannot flower, and can pass the low temperature (2 ~ 4 °C) seedlings, can be listed in winter and before the Spring Festival. It can also be treated with long daylight at low temperatures (16 hours of light per day). (3) Light: Light conditions also have a certain influence on the germination of seeds. Some hi light seeds can germinate better under light conditions. Such as: snapdragon, sea bream, Begonia, periwinkle, cockscomb, impatiens, tobacco, mustard, lettuce, celery, water lettuce, bluegrass, valerian and so on. Avoid light seeds, leeks, onions, leeks, lily family and so on. However, most tree seeds do not show much light when they germinate. 2. Methods and technical points for seed germination: (1) Mechanical abrasion: It is mainly used for seed (leaf) skin impervious and airtight, and through abrasion treatment, it changes the physical properties of seed coat and increases seed coat Transparency. Commonly used tools include: files, hammers, sandpaper, stone rollers, etc. For example, sweet peas are soaked in warm water at 65°C before sowing (soaking in warm soup), and about 30% of hard seeds do not swell and germinate after soaking in hot soup. The solution is to use a quick knife to scratch the seed coat (grain weight 80g), do not injure the umbilical during operation, and then immerse the wound in warm water for 1 to 2 hours. (2) Acid-base corrosion treatment: Acid-base corrosion is a commonly used chemical method for increasing the permeability of seed coats. The seeds with hard seed husks are soaked in a corrosive acid-alkali solution. After a short time, the seed shells can be thinned. Increase permeability. 98% concentrated sulfuric acid and sodium hydroxide are commonly used. The processing time is the key, and the treated seed's epidermis is dull, but it has no unevenness. 95% of sulfuric acid soak for 10 to 120 minutes, a small number of types can be soaked for more than 6 hours; soaked with 10% sodium hydroxide for about 24 hours, after soaking must be rinsed with water to prevent the germination of germination. (3) Soaking and destroying buds: The key technology of soaking seeds is water temperature firstly. The water temperature can be determined according to the thickness of the seed coat and the water content of the seed. Hardness can be used to soak the seeds successively. The ratio of seed and water is preferably 1:3; soaking time depends on seed size and inclusions. Generally, the type of seed coat with poor water permeability can be longer and pay attention to changing the water. 1 Cold water soaking: require 1 to 2 days for a water, the seed is too hard, soaking with cold water. Soak seeds with boiling water before scalding, and constantly stirring to prevent burns and seeds. Tartarian soaked for 5 to 6 days, walnut 7 to 8 days, Robinia pseudoacacia 2 to 3 days, mulberry 0.5 to 1 day. 2 Hot water soaking: general soaking in water at 40～45°C for one day, black pine up to white buds, red pine buds, red bud oil pines for 3 to 4 days to reach red buds, and larch for 2 days, Platycladus orientalis 1 day. When the water temperature is 60 ~ 70 °C, you can first use boiling water, the seeds poured into the boiling water, while mixing side down, until 60 ~ 70 °C, if the temperature does not drop after stirring for 10 minutes, you can add cold water. Check frequently, if the seed is still swelled the next day, the seeds can be removed and soaked in water at 60-70°C. 3 germination: Commonly used raw bean sprouts, and mixed sand layer accelerating budding method. (4) Stratification and pregermination: The stratification and destroying of buds is the method of mixing the seed with moist matter or layering them in a certain period of time to promote the degree of germination. By stratifying and destroying buds, the dormancy can be released; during the process of stratification and bud destruction, the embryos are subjected to a stage similar to vernalization to prepare for germination; the entire process of budding, the overall direction of metabolism, and germination are Consistent. Temperature of stratification and pregermination: Most of the seeds of forests need certain low temperature conditions (0～10°C) and suitable temperature of 2～5°C. Commonly used interlayers provide moisture, and humidity is 60% of saturated moisture content. Have proper ventilation conditions. 1 high-temperature stratification buds: For example: Shamrock orchid primordium is differentiated after germination of the bulb, so the length of the dormancy period affects the time of flowering, and the bulbs that are dug up are stored under the condition of 28-31°C, 10-13 In weeks, you can sprout quickly when you plant. Deuterated spheres appear at 13°C and dormancy up to 8 months. Ginkgo biloba, Holly, Fritillaria, palm, ginseng, edulis, etc., can be stored at 15 to 20°C for several weeks to several months. 2 Low temperature stratification and germination: 0 to 5°C. Clover, apples, pears, etc. can be used this way. Seeds of larger seeds such as chestnut, peach, walnut and Korean pine are mixed and layered in pits with wet sand, or mixed sand is placed in wooden boxes or in pots buried underground. The ventilation should be facilitated, and the amount of mixed sand should not be less than three times that of the seeds. To check frequently, when 40-50% of the seeds start to crack, they can be taken out. If the seed does not have a split mouth, the seed can be transferred to a place where the temperature is high in the room and promote seeding after germination. 3 Alternating layer accumulate buds: Gladiolus, tulip, Dali flower, canna and other bulbs. Variable temperature treatment can be used to promote flower bud differentiation. 1. Seed cleaning: Seed treatment is one of the key technologies for realizing flower seedling planting. The selection is to remove inclusions in the seeds, such as scales, peels, stalks, leaves, shards, pods, diseased granules. , soil particles, other types of seeds, etc., in order to facilitate the smooth progress of sowing. Usually a small amount of seeds can be selected by hand. When the amount of seeds is relatively large, wind selection, screening, and water selection can be used. 1.Wind-selection: It is suitable for medium and small-grained seeds and utilizes wind, hoe or rakes for net seeding. A small amount of seeds can be used to promote debris. 2. Screening: Using sieves with different sizes of pores, remove inclusions larger than the seed, and use other methods to remove impurities equivalent to the seed size. The screening can remove a portion of small particles of impurities, and different size sieves can also be used to classify different size seeds. Seed's seedlings have different growth potentials due to their different germination and seedling abilities. Seed grading, that is, the same size seeds were sown, can ensure that the flower seedlings germination neat, consistent growth potential, easy to manage. Practice has proved that in seeds of the same source, the bigger and heavier the seeds are, the more robust the seedlings are, and the better the quality of seedlings is. The seeds of the same level were sown, the speed of emergence was uniform, the growth and development of the seedlings were uniform, and the differentiation was less. The lower rate of non-conformity has great significance for production. The grading work is usually carried out at the same time as the net seed, and it can also be carried out by means of wind selection, screening and grain selection. 3. Water selection: Generally used for large and heavy seeds, such as seeds of locusts and legumes, using the buoyancy of water to float debris and empty seeds, leaving the full seeds below. Water selection generally uses salt water or yellow muddy water. The proportion of water is 1.1-1.25 g/cm3, and the grains and impurities floating on it are removed. Water soaking can be performed after sowing. Water can not be exposed after water selection, it must be dry. The time for water selection should not be too long. Second, seed disinfection: seed disinfection commonly used fungicides, insecticides, and sterilization and insecticide mixture treatment. Its role is: 1 to prevent the spread of systemic diseases epidemic; 2 to prevent rotten species and seedlings wilt; 3 to promote germination; 4 to prevent storage diseases; 5 to prevent soil-borne diseases and so on. The purpose is to increase the germination rate of seeds, to bring out the seedlings neatly, to promote the growth of seedlings, to shorten the period of seedling raising, and to increase the yield and quality of seedlings. 1, physical disinfection method: seed disinfection methods are physical methods such as sunlight exposure, ultraviolet light, warm soup soaking. Sun exposure is only suitable for flower seeds that are not susceptible to loss of germination under sun exposure. Soaking seed with warm soup has a long history in China. Jia Suiyu in the Northern Wei Dynasty used hot water to soak in rice in his Qi Min Yao Shu. Baker (1947) also proposed the use of warm soup soaking to prevent devastating horticultural plants. Winter (1994) also mentioned this method to control wheat diseases. Temperature soaking general water temperature is about 40 ~ 45 °C, soaking for 1 day. The method is suitable for black pine, oriental arborvitae, bitter buckwheat, Chinese pine, larch and the like. 2, chemical disinfection method: In order to prevent species-borne diseases, pests, chemical disinfection is very necessary. Chemicals currently used for the soaking of flowers and trees are cyanogenic methosulphate, methoxyethyl mercury acetate, formalin, potassium permanganate, carbendazim, thiram, ferrous sulfate, copper sulphate, and fungicidal bacteria. Special class. Pharmaceutical soaking can treat seeds, bulbs, and roots of flower forest trees. It has good effects in preventing and controlling species transmission, soil-borne diseases, and system diseases. The advantage of this method is that it has no dust, and the contact of pesticides with seeds is good. The disadvantage is that the vapors of the medicament are toxic and require specialized gas masks and special equipment. After seed soaking, the seed must be stored in a sealed warehouse or room for 24 hours before sowing, and drying is required after soaking. (1) Copper sulfate, soaking in potassium permanganate solution: 10.31% copper sulfate soaking for 46 hours; 20.5% potassium permanganate soaking for 2 hours; 30.5% potassium permanganate soaking for 30 minutes. The above methods are suitable for seed treatment of coniferous and broad-leaved species and most garden plants. (2) Formaldehyde soaking: 0.15% formaldehyde, soaking for 15 minutes 1 to 2 days before sowing, removing the seeds for 2 hours, spread out and dry. Note that formaldehyde is toxic to humans and should be guarded during use. (3) Seed Dressing: 1 Thiophanate-methyl (alias, thiophanate-methyl): 50% or 70% wettable powder dressing to prevent seedling diseases such as calendula, cineraria, impatiens, Powdery mildew; primrose gray; orchid, evergreen anthrax; cockscomb brown spot; zinnia black spot and so on. Note: When thiophanate-methyl is used for a long period of time, the pathogenic bacteria will produce resistance and reduce the control effect. It can be used interchangeably with other agents, but it cannot be used interchangeably with carbendazim. Polyvinyl alcohol can be used as a sticking agent for seed dressing, with 200 times the amount of 0.7% of the seed amount. 2 Phoxim: To control underground pests, 50% of the EC can be used for seed dressing, 0.1-0.15% of the seed amount. 3 Soil application or seed dressing of pentachloronitrobenzene mixture: the ratio of quintozene to the enemy is 3:1, and 2-6 g/m2 of soil is applied before sowing, or the amount of seeds used by the enemy 0.2 to 0.5% seed dressing can prevent blight (such as conifers, plants, etc.). 4 Saili Powder (ethyl mercury phosphate) seed dressing: 20 days before sowing, 2g/kg seeds, sealed and stored after seed dressing, 20 days after sowing, disinfection and protection. Suitable for conifer species. 5 West Lisheng (chloroethyl mercury chloride) seed dressing: Use 1-2g/kg seeds, suitable for the disinfection of conifer seeds, and have the role of promoting germination. 6 Others such as carbendazim, thiram, etc. Seed dressing: For example, the sangyangxiang bulbs should be disinfected immediately after harvesting, heat treated at 30°C for 10-15 days before storage, and mixed with 50% fosfime 1000x liquid. The bulb can also be seeded with 50% Benzol 1000 times liquid, dried and stored. Can effectively control the disease caused by Fusarium, such as bulb rot disease. To disinfect the gladiolus bulbs, soak the bulb with 50% carbendazim 500 times for 30 minutes, then plant it with 50% thiram and 500 times liquid, or use Capitacum (1 liters of water plus 480g of 1% enemy bacteria Danjiao Suspension) Add procymidone (1 liter of water plus 500 g of 0.2% procymidone) for 10 minutes. Stir constantly to prevent precipitation and affect the efficacy. Third, several chemical methods to deal with the seed review: With the development of the pesticide industry, the seed processing technology has also undergone corresponding changes, from the ancient hot water treatment to the pharmaceutical treatment, the emergence of systemic insecticides and fungicides, but also The pharmaceutical treatment from the soaking of pesticides to powder dressing. China's flower forest seed treatment methods mainly include pesticide soaking, powder dressing and plastic suspension treatment. Seed soaking: Special containers are needed. Some mercury vapors are poisonous and need protective tools. If the solution is treated improperly, it will pollute the environment. Powder dressing method is simple, fast, labor-saving and time-saving. However, it has two insurmountable disadvantages. First, pesticides are easily peeled off after powder dressing and the efficacy is reduced. Second, dust pollutes the environment and endangers human health. Since the emergence of a new pesticide formulation, a powder is quickly replaced. . The glue suspension has no dust pollution and has a low dropout rate. Therefore, carbendazim and triadimefon suspensions are quickly used for planting. Sub-processing, bagging, sowing or storage immediately after treatment without drying and storage. However, most of the suspensions are single preparations, and they cannot be treated with one dose of both diseases and insects. When both diseases and insect pests are to be treated, they must be repeatedly seeded and the operation is cumbersome. It also involves the question of whether two or more agents can be used together. It is the appearance of the glue suspension agent that gives an inspiration to the research of the seed coating agent. In addition, there are also pilled seeds in flower and tree seed processing methods. The application of seed coating agents to the treatment of seed dressing flowers and seedlings of peony seeds is far less widespread than the application of crops. According to reports, applications at home and abroad in wheat, barley, cotton, corn, rice, beet, canola and other crops are very common. Seed coating agent treatment seed has the advantages of no dust, less pollution to the environment, rapid film formation of the medicament, no need of drying, uniform distribution of the medicament on the surface of the seed, no fall off of the medicament during packaging, transportation and sowing; the coated seed Do not stick into pieces to maintain the seed's fluidity; save seeds to increase seedling rate. Fourth, dormancy of seeds: seeds with vitality, under suitable environmental conditions, due to the seeds can not germinate the phenomenon of internal reasons, called dormancy. For seeds that germinate quickly under appropriate conditions, they are called seeds of quiescence. Some flower seeds germinate directly after maturing on the mother's body is called "fetal sprouting" phenomenon. Causes of dormancy are roughly as follows: seed coat effect, the presence of inhibitory germinating substances, and embryos that have not yet been ripened. 1, seed coat effect: 1 kinds of skin impervious, leading to hibernation. Such as leguminous plants hard. Such as hollyhock, three-colored convolvulus, moonflower, three-colored morning glory, milk vetch, lupine, sweet peas, etc., umbilical characteristics and water permeability are closely related to the umbilicus have "vales" to control moisture, when the seeds in the wet In the next, the "door" is closed and the water cannot enter. In the dry conditions, the "door" is opened and the water vapor is released. Hard-hard concept: Some kinds of plants, because the seed coat is impermeable to water and air, so that moisture and air can not enter the interior of the seed, when soaked with warm water, the seed is also difficult to absorb water and expand, the seed is always in a dormant state, such seeds are called hard. It can be used to break the dormancy by cutting seed coats. 2 kinds of skin impermeable: some plants of seeds, although the water can enter the seed coat, but the gas is difficult to enter, in the case of high moisture content, the gas is more difficult to enter the moist seed coat, but also because of the high moisture content of the seeds, respiratory vigorous CO2 is emitted when O2 is consumed, the former (O2) cannot enter, the latter (CO2) cannot be discharged, and the resistance to gas exchange is inhibited, affecting the internal biochemical changes of the seeds, the growth of embryos, the dormancy of seeds of grasses and cotton seeds, etc. This is mainly caused by this reason. The mechanical restraint effect of three kinds of skin: such as walnuts, apricots, peaches, plums, red bayberry, coconut, Alisma, Brassica, lone vegetable, etc. due to the mechanical binding of the seed coat, so that the embryo can not grow outward, the seeds are in long-term Suction saturation, until the seed coat is dry, the cell wall colloidal properties change, before germination. Seeds that are tough, dense, or have a leathery or waxy seed on their surface tend to limit seed germination and become dormant. 2. Inhibition of the presence of germinating substances: The peels, endosperm, or embryos of some plants contain substances that inhibit germination, such as phenols, ammonia, ethylene, hydrogen cyanide, and organic acids. Recent studies have shown that the main inhibitor is abscisic acid (ABA). The ABA content in the embryo is directly proportional to the depth of dormancy. The amount of abscisic acid in the dormant seeds was high, and with the release of dormancy, the level of abscisic acid gradually decreased. For example, konjac seed coat contains tannins, about 5.5%, inhibiting seed germination. The factors affecting seed germination may be the result of a combination of various factors. According to another report, abscisic acid exists in the seed coat of poplars, affecting the germination of seeds. Before germination, the seeds are soaked in clean water, and the seed can germinate after the abscisic acid dissolves. 3, embryos need to be cooked: 1 physiological after-ripening: the embryo of the seed is not yet fully mature. Under suitable conditions, even if peeling the seed (fruit) skin, it cannot germinate. Such seeds generally need to be germinated long after they have been exposed to low temperature and humidity for several weeks to several months. This phenomenon is called physiological after-ripening. Such as twigs, chrysanthemums, petunias, sweet peas, all seasons primrose, pansy, poinsettia, grass, etc., the seeds need to be stored at low temperatures for a certain period of time before germination. Generally, after harvesting, the seeds of trees will undergo a winter season under conditions of low temperature and humidity, and they will not germinate until the spring of the following year. Such as chestnut, apple and so on. 2 Pattern after ripening: It is one of the reasons for some seeds to sleep. When seeds of some plants, such as ginkgo biloba and orchid holly, are harvested, the seeds have shown mature morphological characteristics, but their embryos have not been well-differentiated and the embryos are still very small. It is necessary to continue organ differentiation under appropriate conditions (generally The phenomenon of having a ripening period of 4 to 5 months) is called form ripening. Such plants include: Ranunculus, Fraxinus mandshurica, ash tree, wild rose, holly, Euonymus and so on. Seed germination requires strict environmental conditions such as temperature, moisture, and air. For example, the suitable temperature for the seed germination of Gloxinia is 24°C. In general, the plastic film should be covered to maintain the humidity of the pot soil. For seeds with long resting periods or seeds with inconsistent dormancy periods, necessary treatment is performed before sowing to break the dormancy, otherwise the seeds do not germinate neatly. 5. Seed germination: Seed bud destruction is a measure to relieve seed dormancy and promote seed germination. It destroys seed dormancy through destroying buds, makes seeds unearthed at the right time, and is unearthed neatly to increase germination rate and increase seedling rate, reduce sowing volume, and improve seedlings. Yield and quality. 1. Conditions for seed germination: (1) Moisture: Seeds must absorb a certain amount of water to germinate. Moisture is the primary condition for germination, as long as there is moisture, the seeds can be expanded, the seed coats can be broken, and the hydrolytic enzymes in the seeds can be activated, so that the storage materials in the seeds can be converted into structural materials for germination. (2) Temperature: The temperature has a great influence on the germination of seeds, and the internal physiological and biochemical actions of the seeds are performed at a certain temperature. Seed germination also has a "three-point" temperature. That is, the highest, lowest, and optimum temperatures. Seeds lose their germination power outside the maximum and minimum temperature ranges, high temperatures denature seeds, and cold temperatures cause seeds to freeze. The optimum temperature is not the fastest growing temperature, but the temperature is high and the growth is fast, but the seedlings are weak. The temperature at which the seedling grows and develops is called the optimum temperature. (1) Temperature-changing seeds can stimulate the activity of the hydrolase in the seed, which is conducive to the transformation of the nutrient substances in the seed, and convert the storage material into a structural material; the temperature change can also make the seed coat collapse due to expansion and contraction, which facilitates the gas exchange of the seed. To promote germination. 2 Temperature change treatment bulbs: bulbs with variable temperature treatment bulbs can promote flower bud differentiation of bulb flowers, which can promote robust root development, robust growth of stems and leaves, and can also regulate the flowering period. For example, 2 days before planting the gladiolus balls, soaking in water at 32°C, remove floating balls, then soak in seeds for 53 minutes with 53-55°C liquid (100g bezotelate + 180g captan), and rinse with cold water for 10 minutes. Reserve at 2～4°C; in order to bloom the tulip in December, after harvesting in June, place it at 34°C for 1 week and then at 17～20°C to promote flower bud differentiation until mid-August and late August. The temperature was changed to 7 to 9°C for 6 weeks. ③变温处理花卉的营养体，可以打破有些植物的生理休眠。如满天星（霞草）的自然花期为5～9月，在冬季的低温和短日照条件下，满天星的节间不伸长，呈莲座状生长，不能开花，可以通过低温（2～4℃）处理幼苗，可以在冬季及春节前上市。也可以通过低温配合长日照处理（每天给予16小时的光照)。 ⑶光照：光照条件也对种子的萌发产生一定的影响。有些喜光种子在有光的条件下才能更好地发芽。如：金鱼草、四季海棠、球根秋海棠、长春花、鸡冠花、凤仙花、烟草、芥菜、莴苣、芹菜、水浮莲、早熟禾、稗草等。忌光种子，笕菜、葱、韭菜、百合科等。但大多数树木种子在发芽时对光的反映不大。 2、种子催芽的方法及技术要点： ⑴机械擦伤：主要用于种（果）皮不透水、不透气的硬实，通过擦伤种皮处理，改变了种皮的物理性质，增加种皮的透性。常用的工具有：锉刀、锤子、砂纸、石滚等。例如香豌豆在播种前用65℃的温水浸种(温汤浸种),大约有30%的硬实种子在温汤浸种后不吸胀,不发芽。解决的方法是用快刀逐粒划伤种皮(千粒重80g),操作时不要伤到种脐,刻伤后再浸入温水中1～2小时即可。 ⑵酸碱腐蚀处理：酸碱腐蚀是常用的增加种皮透性的化学方法，把具有坚硬种壳的种子浸在有腐蚀性的酸碱溶液中，经过短时间处理，可使种壳变薄增加透性。常用98％的浓硫酸，和氢氧化钠。处理时间是关键，处理得当的种子的表皮为暗淡无光，但又无凸凹不平。 95%的硫酸浸泡10～120分钟,少数种类可以浸泡6小时以上；用10%氢氧化钠浸泡24小时左右,浸泡后必须要用清水冲洗干净,以防对种胚萌发产生影响。 ⑶浸种摧芽：浸种的关键技术首先为水温，可以根据种皮的厚薄，种子的含水量高低确定水温，硬实可采用逐次增温浸种的方法。种子和水的比例以1：3为宜；浸种时间，根据种子大小、内含物而定。一般种皮坚硬透水性差的种类时间可长些，并注意换水。 ①冷水浸种:要求1～2天换一次水,种子坚硬过大的,可用冷水浸种。浸种前可用开水烫种子,并不断搅拌,防止烫伤种子。苦楝浸种5～6天,核桃7～8天,刺槐2～3天,桑树0.5～1天。 ②热水浸种:一般水温在40～45℃时浸种一天,黑松可达白芽期赤松达红芽油松要经3～4天才能达红芽,落叶松要2天,侧柏要1天。在水温为60～70℃时,可先用开水,把种子倒入开水中,且边拌边倒,直到60～70℃时,如果搅拌10分钟温度还降不下来时,可以加凉水。经常检查,如果第二天种子仍为吸胀,可以把种子取出,用60～70℃水浸种。 ③催芽：常用生豆芽法，和混沙层积催芽法。 ⑷层积催芽：层积摧芽即在一定的时间里，把种子与湿润物混合或分层放置，促进其达到发芽程度的方法。通过层积摧芽，可解除休眠；在层积摧芽过程中，使种胚经历一个类似春化作用的阶段，为发芽做好准备；整个摧芽过程，新陈代谢的总方向和过程与发芽是一致的。层积催芽的温度：大多数林木的种子都需要一定的低温条件（0～10℃），适温2～5℃；常用间层物提供水分，湿度为饱和含水量的60％为宜。要有适宜的通气条件。 ①高温层积催芽:例如:香雪兰花原基是在种球萌发后才分化,因此休眠期的长短影响开花的时间,将挖起的种球贮藏在28～31℃的条件下经10～13周,栽植时就可以迅速出芽。贮藏在13℃的条件下出现蛹化球,休眠期可达8个月。银杏、冬青、浙贝母、棕榈、人参、毛茛等,可以在15～20℃下贮藏,数周至数月。 ②低温层积催芽:0～5℃。三叶草、苹果、梨等可用这种方法。种粒较大的种子如板栗、桃、核桃、红松等,将种子与湿沙混合分层埋藏于坑中，或混沙放于木箱中或花盆中埋于地下，坑中竖草把，以利通风，混沙量不少于种子的三倍；要经常检查,当有40-50%的种子开始裂嘴时即可取出播种。如果种子还没有裂嘴时，则可将种子转移到室内温度高的地方沙藏，促进萌动后播种。 ③变温层积催芽:唐菖蒲、郁金香、大理花、美人蕉等的种球。可以用变温处理促进花芽分化。

Our company is a production-oriented enterprise, which can integrate poultry equipment development(agricultural equipments poultry feeders), production, sales, installation, technical services, import &export and poultry farm construction together to provide comprehensive service. The company can provide international advanced level ground feeding and cage feeding equipments for broilers, breeders and layers and ducks. The rich products line can meet different requirements of customers, and can provide customized services according to the customer`s needs. The company`s products sell well in china and have already been exported to more than 30 countries and regions around the world .

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