In 2004, it was an exceptionally challenging year for rice smut outbreaks, particularly affecting mountainous regions like Shanyintian and mid-altitude rice paddies. This situation was exacerbated by prolonged high temperatures and humidity from the booting stage to the heading stage of mid-season rice. Among the key factors contributing to this issue were the lack of adequate attention to pest control and several critical mistakes in the prevention process.
Many farmers underestimated the importance of managing rice smut. Although there have been increasing incidents of this disease in recent years, with some localized outbreaks being quite severe, many growers took preventive measures. Unfortunately, these efforts often lacked proper execution, leading to unsatisfactory results. Consequently, some farmers felt frustrated, believing that rice smut was untreatable and even concluded that prevention was futile. As a result, many farmers this year neglected preventive actions entirely. In reality, adopting appropriate control strategies and techniques could significantly mitigate the impact of rice smut.
Additionally, there was insufficient focus on agricultural control methods. Chemical treatments alone are not sufficient for combating rice smut; they must be complemented by sound agricultural practices. In areas where rice smut occurs frequently, farmers continue to plant susceptible varieties. For instance, varieties with wide leaf angles, higher numbers of secondary branches, and more grains per secondary branch—often referred to as "large ear" combinations—are still favored. Seed disinfection is often overlooked before germination, while excessive use of chemical fertilizers, especially nitrogen applications, can lead to overly lush growth and excessive shading within the field. Deep-water irrigation over extended periods also contributes to the problem. To address this, it's crucial to promote crop rotation and implement soil management practices in areas prone to rice smut. Using resistant varieties or combinations can help reduce risks. Conducting thorough surveys and comparisons will allow farmers to identify locally suitable resistant strains. Typically, varieties with a balanced number of primary branches and grains on those branches tend to exhibit better resistance to rice smut. A 50% carbendazim solution diluted 600 times, or a 12% green milk copper solution diluted 600 times, can effectively eliminate bacteria on seeds. Seeds should be thoroughly cleaned with water before disinfection and germination. For fields severely affected by rice smut, straw should not be returned to the field. Organic fertilizers should form the backbone of nutrient management, supplemented by chemical fertilizers, ensuring balanced NPK applications. Organic manure or compound fertilizers should serve as base fertilizers, with topdressing applied around five to seven days post-transplanting to avoid over-fertilization. Silicon fertilizers should also be incorporated into the regimen, with applications ranging from 30 to 40 kg per mu. During the middle to late stages, no additional rhizosphere fertilizers should be added to encourage robust growth.
Another significant issue was the timing of pesticide application. Farmers typically sprayed pesticides only during the heading stage or even later, during the grain-filling phase. This approach is akin to closing the barn door after the horse has bolted. Rice smut spores germinate and infect the ears during the booting stage, when the husk sheath is loose and most vulnerable. Repeated trials have demonstrated that applying pesticides at the booting stage—approximately 10 to 14 days prior to heading—and again at the early break stage is far more effective.
Furthermore, the choice of pesticide was often inappropriate. While some farmers relied on tricyclazole, Fuji No. 1, or rice bran formulations, their efficacy was limited. Products such as 12% green copper milk and 77% can offer excellent control but may pose risks. During the booting stage, quick-icking or triadimefon can be used effectively. Applying Jinggangmycin during the break stage helps inhibit spore proliferation and prevents spore balls from contacting the embryo.
While addressing these issues, it's essential to educate farmers on the importance of proactive pest management and sustainable agricultural practices. By combining chemical and agricultural controls, along with timely interventions, rice smut can be managed more effectively, reducing losses and ensuring healthier crops.
Indoor Hydroponics Grow Kit
Indoor Hydroponics Grow Kit
hydroponics system-nutrient technique (NFT)
NFT does not give average support to roots. Typically, the roots sit in a long sloping channel irrigation (Fig. 1.1). The nutrient is introduced into the high class of the canal and allowed to flow over the roots after which it drains into the nutrient tank. This is then re-pumped back into the channel to repeat the watering process.
This feed cycle can be intermittent or continuous. An & lsquo; The intermittent 'rss cycle is controlled by the clock and repeated several times per hour. this is sometimes called the "NFT pulse". The NFT pulse usually achieves better aeration of the roots as the roots are exposed to air between each feed. A & lsquo; continuous' rss cycle works non-stop. This is often used in commercial operations.
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