With the deepening of the adjustment of the industrial structure in rural areas, the planting industry has changed from a monoculture of single grain crops to a ternary planting structure in which the “grain, economy, and feeding†are mixed or rotated. Adjusting the animal husbandry structure, developing grain-saving herbivorous livestock and poultry, processing and utilizing crop stalks, developing cheap and new feed resources, and expanding the sources of feed ingredients have also become new perspectives and trends in the development of animal husbandry. The development of China's animal husbandry to the present day, its development has been taking the road of food-consuming animal husbandry based on the consumption of food. This traditional animal husbandry has entered a period of sluggish and low profit, adjusting the industrial structure of animal husbandry, development The use of new feed resources is the only way to achieve sustainable development of animal husbandry in the future. Compared with China's grain-based animal husbandry, many developed livestock husbandry countries in the world have developed livestock husbandry based on the model of grass-raising livestock (birds). Based on the actual situation in China, it is impossible to use large areas of arable land for grass grazing, but currently the use of limited land to adjust the structure of agricultural industry, and fully tap the non-competitive resources in agricultural production (such as light, temperature, free nitrogen, etc.) Use. For example, the development of the production mode of grass and field rotation can, on the one hand, provide guarantee for the sustainable development of animal husbandry. On the other hand, it also uses the combination of farming and farming to realize the sustainable development of agriculture and animal husbandry. In China, there are a large number of crop stalks every year. The use of certain processing techniques can also greatly increase the value of its digestion and utilization. If it can be used in animal husbandry and aquaculture, it will save a lot of food. This point is also being recognized and accepted by people. More and more farmers are aware of the importance and feasibility of “grass farming, grassland rotationâ€. More and more businesses and researchers are also seeking new roughage processing technologies to expand their use. The important problem encountered by current producers is not "how to plant" but "how to use it." Scientific and reasonable processing and application are the key to the development of pasture and straw roughage widely used in animal husbandry. This article summarizes some of the current techniques for deep processing and utilization of roughage. At the same time, combining some of the latest research results, the new way and technology for the development and utilization of forage grass and crop straw roughage are described. 1 The modulation technology of hay and deep-processed products Generalized hay refers to the pasture or crop stalks undergoing certain treatment so that they can be dehydrated to a state where they can be stably preserved. At this time, the processed product is called hay. Defining hay from a more scientific point of view means that natural or artificially cultivated pasture or forage crops are harvested in a timely manner and dried naturally or artificially to make them water-depleted to a state of stable preservation. The resulting product is called hay. High-quality hay retains a greenish color, contains less than 18% water, and is rich in various nutrients necessary for the growth of livestock and poultry. Modulation of hay is an important means of fresh pasture processing. Forage grasses obtained by different techniques have large differences in their nutritional value. It is reported that ground-dried hay has a loss of 20% to 50% of its digestible protein. The loss of drying is between 15% and 20%, and the loss of mechanical drying is only 5%. Therefore, according to the existing conditions in production, scientific processes should be used to minimize the loss of nutrients. Some related issues in hay modulation are described below. 1.1 The importance of hay modulation 1.1.1 Modulation of hay can provide a long-term balanced feed supply for livestock and poultry farming. Most parts of China are in the subtropical and temperate regions, especially in the areas north of the Huaihe River, where pasture and forage crops are produced clearly. Seasonality shows a surplus of pasture feed in the summer and autumn, and a shortage of pasture feed in the winter and spring. In the pastoral areas, it is impossible to grazing when winter and spring snow cover, and the phenomenon of “summer fat, autumn strong, winter thin, and spring dead†is circulating every year. The supply of roughage in the winter and spring of the rural areas is also limited to some low-quality, fiberized, and lignified crop stalks, and the available nutritive value is very low. Therefore, the modulation of high quality hay is of great significance to the realization of the expansion and reproduction of China's animal husbandry and the realization of a sustainable development strategy for the livestock industry. 1.1.2 The preparation of high-quality hay can expand the source of feed raw materials, save refined feed, and improve the production performance of livestock and poultry. The quality of high-quality leguminous plants and grasses are used as raw materials. After a scientific modulation process, nutritive substances are fully prepared. Rich quality hay can provide most of the nutritional requirements for the growth of livestock and poultry. Such as conventionally produced whole plant alfalfa hay, protein content can reach 20%, various minerals, vitamin content is also very rich, more than 50% of the proportion can be used in dairy cow diets, can maintain normal cow milk production and reproductive performance . Feeding alone in the rabbit diet can maintain its healthy growth, development and reproduction even in the absence of concentrates. After the special process of processing the alfalfa hay, such as the artificial drying of the bud stage 1/3, its protein content can reach more than 25%, and the fiber content is less than 20%, rich in vitamins and minerals, can be used as chickens, pigs The use of protein and vitamin supplements for monogastric animals not only saves feed costs but also improves production performance and reproductive performance. Therefore, adopting a scientific process to modulate quality hay is of great significance for expanding the source of feed, improving the production performance of livestock and poultry, and saving the cost of feed. 1.1.3 The modulation of hay facilitates the storage and transportation of pastures and is a viable route to international commercialization of pasture. Fresh grasses are not conducive to transport and cannot be stored for a long time. Therefore, modulation of hay solves the problems of long-term preservation and long-distance transport of high-quality pasture. It facilitates the flow of pasture between different regions. Our country has a vast area and a wide variety of climates. Many regions are suitable for the development of pasture production. High-quality leguminous plants and forage grasses can be used as international commodities for international circulation after being modulated into hay. At present, there are some Japan, South Korea, and Southeast Asia that are adjacent to our country. The country and the Taiwan region of China are the major pasture import markets in the world. With China's superior geographical advantages, if we can seize this market, we can make pasture an important export-oriented commodity. 1.1.4 The continuous improvement of the hay modulation process can also promote the development of traditional pasture drying in other related industries. Drying and drying are mainly based on natural drying. With the continuous improvement of technology, the drying process has also been continuously improved. The modern large-scale forage processing enterprises adopt the method of mechanical artificial drying and require supporting harvesting, collection, transportation, drying, pulverizing, and deep processing facilities. Therefore, the development of pasture preparation and deep processing industries can also promote machinery, transportation, and packaging. Development of chemical fiber, feed and other related industries. 1.2 Change of nutrient during the process of hay preparation 1.2.1 Dispersion of moisture The water content of the herbage at the proper time of cutting is between 70% and 80%. To achieve stable storage, the water content needs to be reduced to 15% to 18%, and it must be processed into grass powder. Water needs to reach about 13%, so the modulation process must disperse a large amount of water. The water dispersion of fresh grass can be divided into two stages. The first stage is mainly the loss of free water in fresh grass, and the water content of pasture is reduced from 70% to 80% to a semi-dry state of about 50%. Water loss at this stage is relatively low. Fast, the second stage, the pasture from the semi-dry state to 15% to 18% of the dry state of the water, the main loss of water to the main combination of water, this phase is relatively slow, natural drying conditions also need to 1 to 2 days, some leguminous pastures take even longer. The factors that affect the loss of water in pasture are as follows: 1.2.2 Climatic conditions Temperature, humidity and air circulation are the main factors affecting the drying speed of pasture. Higher air temperature, lower humidity, and a certain air flow rate facilitate the rapid loss of water. 1.2.3 Dispersion speed of water in and outside the plant The water loss of the surface of the plant body is faster, and the loss of water inside the plant is slower. Accelerating the loss of water in the body's inner layer is a key factor in accelerating the drying. 1.2.4 Intensity of scattered water in various parts of the plant The moisture content of different parts of the plant is different, and the strength of their water dispersion is not the same, so it leads to uneven drying during the drying process of the grass. In general, the speed of the water in the pasture leaves is faster than the speed of the water in the stem, the surface area of ​​the leaves is large, the water storage capacity is poor, the water loss is fast, and the water storage capacity of the stem is strong, and the speed of the water is slow, so the pasture is During the drying process, often the leaves are dry and the stems are very wet, which leads to the loss and loss of the leaves during the collection process. This phenomenon is particularly serious for legumes. 1.3 Changes in nutrients during the withering period of herbage After pasturing, the physiological and biochemical activities (such as respiration and transpiration) of plant cells continue for a certain period of time. However, due to the interruption of the supply of water and other nutrients, the life of cells Activities can only be carried out by decomposing nutrients stored in plants. For example, some starches are converted into monosaccharides and disaccharides, which are consumed by respiratory energy. A small amount of protein is decomposed into amino acid-based nitrides. At this time, the body of pasturage plants is a metabolizing phase mainly based on dissimilation, which is also called starvation metabolism. The nutrient loss at this stage is about 5% to 10%. In order to reduce nutrient loss, it is necessary to accelerate dehydration and cause cell death. 1.4 Changes in nutrients during late drying of pasture After the herb withered, the physiological processes occurring in the plant were gradually replaced by biochemical processes involving enzymes. This process of material conversion in dead cells is often referred to as autolysis. The activity of the reductase and the changes in nutrients it causes in the plant are mainly affected by the water content and air humidity of the plant body. Under the effects of sunlight and dew, vitamins and soluble nutrients are lost more. Water-soluble sugars change more under the action of enzymes, while carbohydrates change less. Nitrogen-containing compounds do not change significantly under normal drying conditions. If the drying rate is slow, the activity of the enzyme will increase, causing partial protein breakdown. Therefore, prolonging the drying time results in more protein loss. In addition, after cell death, most of the cells were broken down under strong direct sunlight (ultraviolet bleaching) and by the action of oxidase enzymes in the body. The longer the sun exposure, the greater the loss. This stage, that is, to accelerate the reduction of moisture content, so that the activities of the enzyme stop as soon as possible, but also try to minimize the sun exposure, dew wet and prevent loss of leaves, twigs and other losses. 2 Technical points to pay attention to during the process of hay preparation 2.1 Grasping the suitable cutting period of forage grass With the delay of the pasture growth period, the content of nutrients in the pasture will change constantly. When herbage is suitable for castration, two factors must be taken into consideration. One is the availability of nutrient content, and the other is the amount of grass production. When the product of these two factors is the largest (ie, the largest integrated biological index), it is the best off-cutting period. According to the above two criteria, leguminous forages are generally suitable for cutting at the bud stage to the beginning of flowering stage. The suitable cutting stage for grasses is from heading to flowering stage. At the same time, it should be noted that in order to maintain the good regenerative performance of pasture, it is generally necessary to leave 5 to 10 cm in the time of castration. 2.2 Minimize loss of leaves and delicate parts during the process of modulation. Normally, the nutrient content of high quality pasture leaves exceeds the content of nutrients in the stems. Proteins and minerals have 1 to 1.5 times more leaves than stems. Carotene The content is 10-15 times more, the crude fiber content is 50%-100% less than the stem, the digestibility of the stem is 40% higher than the stem, so the higher the content of the middle hay, the higher the quality. In addition, digestible nutrients in shoots, inflorescences, and other parts of pasture are also higher than corresponding components in stems, so keeping these parts intact is an important factor in modulating quality hay. 3 Factors that cause nutrient loss in the process of modulation 3.1 Losses caused by mechanical effects The modulation of hay needs to be followed by cutting, grass collection, sun drying, handling, stacking, and baling. In these links, the leaves and inflorescences of plants are easily created. , twigs and other parts of the loss, and these parts are the highest part of the plant nutrient content. For example, when the loss of leaves is 12%, the protein loss accounts for about 40% of the total protein content. Especially in the natural drying process, due to the inconsistent drying speeds of the various parts of pasture, the fast drying parts of leaves and thin shoots are particularly easy to break. loss. Mechanical factors are a major factor in various factors that contribute to the loss of hay nutrition. If artificial drying, it will greatly reduce the loss of this part. 3.2 Loss caused by photochemical effects When drying hay, prolonged exposure to sunlight will cause significant loss of the carotenoids, chlorophyll, and vitamin C contained in the plants. The greatest loss of photochemical effects is due to the vitamins in the pasture, so it is dry. During the process, when the fresh grass is in a semi-dry state, grass ridges or haystacks are to be integrated for drying to avoid the direct effect of sunlight on pasture. 3.3 Loss of Rain Leaching There are two aspects of the loss of wetting nutrients in forage grass. First, the drying time is extended. In the withering stage, the respiration of plant cells is mainly prolonged, and the loss of nutrients is increased. In the late stage of drying, long-time wetting will cause the grass to suffer erosion by spoilage microorganisms and cause rot damage. On the other hand, the soaking action will dissolve the soluble components in the forage and cause them to be lost. In the withering stage, the soluble starch will be lost due to the rain. In the late stage of drying, various complex nutrients are decomposed into simple soluble components due to the activity of the enzyme, and the subsequent exposure to rain is more likely to cause the loss of nutrients. Including soluble carbohydrates, some amino acids, amides, minerals, inorganic salts and other ingredients. It is reported that the loss of inorganic matter caused by the wetness can reach 67%. 3.4 Loss caused by the action of microorganisms There are many microorganisms on the surface of pasture, and dry herbage is rich in nutrients. It is a good medium for bacteria, but these microorganisms can only reproduce under certain temperature and humidity, so they do not dry well. Pastures are particularly prone to mold deterioration. On the other hand, during the summer rainy season, high temperatures and high humidity can easily cause moldy deterioration in the interior of grasshoppers. Therefore, it is necessary to keep the amount of moisture below 18% in the hay stored in the reservoir, and care must be taken to avoid the rain to maintain good ventilation. (Author: Zhang Guiguo Liu Xiao Zhang Qinglin method Unit: College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University Taishan Vocational and Technical College)
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