This article will focus on only two aspects: high-end imaging systems and portable diagnostic systems. Both types of applications have similar requirements for providing high performance and high precision components.
The systems mentioned above require accurate measurements, precise data processing and highly complex digital processing, especially in the form of images or video. These technologies have also moved to other areas, such as military/aerospace and transportation.
Advances in silicon design mean that the precision of critical semiconductors has increased dramatically, especially for DSPs, FPGAs, microcontrollers and high-performance analog devices. Similarly, imaging technologies are being integrated into more and more traditional semiconductors due to the addition of touch screens and more sophisticated human-machine interfaces to these applications.
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Many instruments and medical systems use video and image output for easy diagnosis, so signal processing techniques are used in large numbers.
Radiography, tomography, ultrasound and fluoroscopy are a few examples of these applications.
To achieve these functions requires extensive scientific knowledge, and the trade-offs between performance and power consumption still exist (even if the technology has evolved, this trade-off has become less and less), so that the focus is on suitable use. Technically. In general, high-end processing refers to programmable logic schemes and DSPs, while the low-end domain where power consumption is a key factor refers to microcontrollers. Of course, the difference between these technologies is being reduced at an extremely fast rate, and today programmable solutions are already available on handheld devices.
Programmable logic such as FPGAs and CPLDs now incorporate a complete microcontroller and other dedicated soft IP blocks, and have multiple parallel routing channels that are responsible for executing all algorithms in one clock cycle. Note that such a system contains a long pipeline, meaning that the algorithm can be processed in one clock cycle, but there is a delay from getting the input to affecting the output.
Since the implementation of these algorithms is digital, performance is a problem to consider. The faster the processing algorithm, the greater flexibility and value the product has. However, high speed may mean more power consumption and shorter battery life.
FPGAs have many advantages that traditional components do not have, especially for low- to medium-volume devices.
The programmable features of the chip can save up to 30% of development time and can be upgraded later. The use of FPGAs also reduces the consumption of expensive electronic components, which are becoming more and more common due to the complexity of chip design and the increasing complexity of silicon processing techniques.
There are many options for processor cores in other applications. Today, in the more common industrial applications of RISC, the ARM7 core has been widely used by microcontroller manufacturers such as NXP, Atmel, ST and ADI, and ARM9 is becoming more popular. The i.MX application processor, such as Freescale, is gaining more and more attention in the imaging field based on the ARM9 processor with a highly integrated LCD controller.
For imaging applications, MIPS is also working hard to move from the dominant position in the consumer/connection field to the market, and by joining forces with Microchip, the MIPS32 core is used to start the 32-bit processor stage. Designers who prefer the CISC architecture can find examples from companies such as Intel and Renesas.
For real-time imaging, despite the strong threat from FPGAs, DSP still dominates. A new platform containing both MCUs and DSPs on the same silicon chip has been introduced for image processing and general processing. TI's latest DaVinci processor is designed for multimedia applications. Freescale and ADI also offer very powerful solutions.
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