1. Introduction Feeding freshwater pearls in pond culture is one of the key links in the aquaculture production process. Breeding techniques in the cultured pearl pool are the key technologies in the breeding process.
Fertilization in the Yuzhu Lake is mainly to regulate water quality, increase calcium and other nutrients, and cultivate plankton in ponds. Some of the organic fertilizers are also the direct foods for the breeding of pearls, which can meet the needs of feeding and direct absorption of nutrients. Therefore, proper fertilization can maintain the fertile water quality, enrich the oyster-bearing oysters, and increase the productivity of the water-bearing ponds, and ultimately achieve the purpose of increasing pearl yield and quality.
The types of fertilizers used in the culture of pearl-bearing ponds can be divided into organic and inorganic fertilizers. Organic fertilizers mainly consist of green manure, manure, and compost. They have the characteristics of complete nutrition and high fertilizer efficiency. However, they are slow in fertilizer efficiency and require a lot of oxygen to be decomposed after being applied to water bodies. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out tanning prior to application; inorganic fertilizers are mainly chemical fertilizers, including nitrogen fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer, potash fertilizer, and calcium fertilizer. They contain a single ingredient, the main feature of which is that the fertilizer is effective, but the duration of the fertilizer effect is short, and it is very effective in promoting the large-scale reproduction of phytoplankton in a short time. Therefore, the best way to fertilize pearl-bearing ponds is to combine organic and inorganic fertilizers.
The type and quantity of fertilization in the Yuzhu pool should be flexibly controlled according to the specific water conditions and seasons.
2, according to different seasons fertilization and fertilization applied base fertilizer and top dressing two. Basal fertilizers can improve the nutritional status of the bottom sludge, poorly eroded ponds, newly excavated ponds, or deepened ponds. Shiji Fei should be combined with clear ponds and sun ponds in winter. Thin water ponds and newly-opened ponds need to be applied in a proper way. Fertilizer pools and old ponds are less or not applied. After the winter dry ponds, 1125 kg calcined water is sprayed on each square hectare pond first, which not only clears the disinfection of the pond, but also increases the water hardness and fatness. A few days later, the manure was composted or the compost was mixed. Fertilizer was applied at 3750 to 7500 kg/sq. hectare and applied to the pond sediment by push-pull mixing. If the phosphorus fertilizer was mixed in the compost beforehand, the effect would be better. After the fertilization, each time the water is put into the pool, the water is drained first, and after the water is thickened, the water is gradually added. Drain the water and apply a dense mesh filter to prevent enemy pests from entering the pond.
Top dressing is during the growing season, depending on the situation of the pond to gradually supplement the nutrients in the water, so that the pool water will not become thin due to long-term no fertilization, do not over-fertilize too much, so as not to cause excessive water in the pool, deteriorate water quality.
The type and amount of fertilization vary in different seasons. Generally speaking, the water temperature in early spring or late autumn is low, organic matter decomposes slowly, fertility lasts for a long time, and the amount of fertilizer can be larger. In the spring, the basal fertiliser should be applied before the larvae are put into the oysters to ensure that they have sufficient palatability feeds when they are stocked. As the water temperature continues to rise, the metabolic activity of the eukaryotes is gradually strengthened, the nacre begins to deposit, and the demand for bait is increasing. Therefore, the amount of fertilizer to be gradually increased, in particular to apply some organic fertilizer. In late spring, summer and early autumn, the water temperature is higher, the organic matter decomposes more quickly, the plankton breeding increases, the biological oxygen demand in the pond is also large, and the weather is changeable, and the water quality tends to change. At this stage, the amount of fish fed to the pond is also increased, so the water quality is more fat, and fertilization should be “a small number of timesâ€. After the fertilization, pay attention to the patrol pond and observe the activities of the maggots and fish to prevent "pan ponds". Especially in late spring, the temperature is changeable, and even more fertilizers are avoided at one time. Otherwise, if the temperature suddenly rises, plankton increases drastically, it will cause the dissolved oxygen in the water to drop, or the fertilizer will accumulate in the bottom layer and ferment, which will produce toxic substances in large quantities. This will be detrimental to the growth of earthworms. If there are blisters and water film on the water surface, it must be filled in time. New water, stop fertilizing. Do not apply organic fertilizer during the summer season and apply some inorganic fertilizer. In ponds with mixed fish and fishery, pay attention to feeding and fertilizing. Always observe the fish's activity to judge the water quality. If there is a lack of oxygen in the pool water, stop the fertilization and take certain oxygenation measures. Although earthworms are resistant to hypoxia, they are severely deprived of oxygen and prolonged oxygen deprivation, which is detrimental to the growth of the eukaryotes, and may even cause massive deaths. In winter, the temperature of the water drops, and it is not appropriate to apply a large amount of organic fertilizer.
3, according to the water color fertilization in different seasons, at different times of the day and different fertilization types of pond water color will change. In the low-temperature season, the general pond has a lighter water color and a more intense water color in the hot season. Fertilizer ponds often appear early red and late green water. The water ponds and dry grass ponds were put in a reddish-brown pond; the cows and ponds were pale reddish-brown in water; after the pig manure was applied, the pool water was soy sauce, and after pouring manure or chemical fertilizer, the pool water was dark green; After the excrement, the color of the water was yellow-green; the pond fed with the slurry was brownish-green or dark green. After fertilization, the above-mentioned various water colors appeared, indicating that the water was turned into fertilizer. The shade of water will affect the transparency of the pool water. Therefore, it is also possible to judge the fatness of the pool water according to the transparency of the pool water to determine whether fertilization is needed. During the warm season from May to October, the suitable transparency of the pool water is 25 to 30cm. The water quality is cool and not cloudy. This kind of pool water is called “fertilizer†and can be applied with little or no fertilization. If the water is clear, it is pale yellowish green and the transparency is high. , you need to timely fertilizer.
After the late spring and summer and autumn fertilization, sometimes the water quality becomes too strong, and the water surface appears thick water blooms, that is, "turning water" occurs, indicating that the water quality is very fat, may turn better, or may turn bad. If the weather is sunny or rainy and the rain is heavy and the temperature is cool, the pool water will stay cool. If the climate is hot and the air pressure is low, the water quality may be deteriorated. Under such circumstances, it is not only impossible to fertilize, but also to increase the oxygen level according to the situation, to replace the new water, and turn the water quality into a cool one. Sometimes, the pond forms yellow-brown water immediately after fertilization. This is good water for fertilization; if the water becomes yellow-brown or orange-green in the middle and late fertilization period, it is “old waterâ€, mainly due to pool water. Hypoxia causes aging of cyanobacterial cells and the increase of carotene and lutein in the cells. At this time, new water should be injected into the pool, and organic and inorganic fertilizers should be used to adjust the water quality so that the water can be turned into a cool one.
If the pool water suddenly becomes dark and turbid, the foam appears on the surface of the water. This is due to the high temperature of the water, excessive organic matter, and the large number of deaths and decompositions of plankton. Immediately drain water and inject new water to increase oxygen. If the water color is whitish, this is a blue-green algae, especially a symbol of extremely small cyanobacteria. These cyanobacteria are non-digestible species because they are replaced with fresh water and applied. Decomposed organic fertilizers and superphosphate fertilizers can also be used as large-scale manure or limewater mixed pond mud, splashing Quanchipu.
4, according to the nature of fertilizers Fertilizer organic fertilizer fertilizer effect is slow, to be fermented in the tank or pool after the application. After composting, the manure can be splashed in the whole pond during the growing season, and can also be mixed and composted with green manure, cow dung and pig manure. The method for composting is to wash out the fat juice repeatedly with water and splash it in the pool. The residue will continue to rot on the pond corner and gradually release the fertilizer. The compost and green manure can also be directly piled up in the shallow water at Tangjiao, turning once every 2 to 3 days, and finally the residue that cannot be rotted can be removed. If grass is used, be careful not to salvage aquatic plants in the ward.
Inorganic fertilizers have a rapid fertilizer effect and can quickly regulate water quality. During the growth season of earthworms, the effective nitrogen concentration in the pool water is kept at 0.3 mg/L, and the surface water is kept at a concentration of 40-50 μg/L.
Among inorganic nitrogen fertilizers, there are liquid nitrogen fertilizer and solid nitrogen fertilizer. Liquid nitrogen fertilizer is alkaline fertilizer. Application of liquid nitrogen fertilizer should pay attention to its toxicity, the higher the water temperature, the stronger the alkaline, the greater the toxicity. After the application of liquid nitrogen fertilizer, the concentration of ammonia nitrogen in the water body can not exceed 0.025mg/L. The liquid ammonia should be applied when the pool water pH value is less than 7 and pay attention to a small number of times, selected before sunny afternoon. In the solid nitrogen fertilizer, ammonium sulfate and ammonium chloride are acidic fertilizers. When the pH value of the pool water is high, ammonium bicarbonate, ammonium nitrate and urea are neutral fertilizers, and there is no residue in the water after use. Urea fertilizer can be dissolved in water first, then Quanchiposa. Or in a number of plastic bags, wear small holes in the plastic bag, hang in the pond, let it slowly released in the pool water, the effect is very good. Ammonium bicarbonate and ammonium nitrate fertilizers must not be applied together with alkaline substances such as lime.
In order to apply nitrogen fertilizer reasonably, the pH of the pool water should be measured in advance, and the amount of fertilizer and frequency of fertilization should be determined according to the shade of water and the degree of transparency. The concentration of nitrogen fertilizer should be slightly higher than 0.3 mg/L, and attention should be paid to adjusting the appropriate ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus in the pool water. , nitrogen and phosphorus ratio of 6 to 7 is appropriate. Fertilizers should be applied on sunny days. Generally, the water color on the second day after fertilization can be easily converted to fertilization.
Phosphate fertilizer applied to pearl-bearing ponds should be selected together with soluble substances. Phosphate should only be used after applying lime for at least 10 to 15 days. Phosphate fertilizers are preferably blended with organic fertilizers before application. In order to retain the phosphate fertilizers on the surface of the water for a long time, in order to facilitate the absorption of phytoplankton, and avoid sinking to the bottom of the pool, phosphate fertilizers can be applied by hanging bags. When the water in the pool is turbid and there is a lot of rubber particles, do not apply nitrogenous fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer to avoid the loss of fertilizer effect due to adsorption of rubber particles.
5, according to the results of water quality determination Fertilizer from the determination of dissolved oxygen in the pool of water, organic oxygen consumption, plankton biomass, calcium content and hardness, etc. determine the fertilization. In the warm season, the lowest value of dissolved oxygen in the pool occurs before the early morning sunrise. At this time, if the dissolved oxygen level is less than 3 mg/L and the organic oxygen demand is higher than 35 mg/L, the fertilization must be reduced or stopped. On the contrary, it must be increased. Fertilizer amount. If the amount of phytoplankton is less than 50 million/L, and the amount of zooplankton is less than 40,000/L, then more fertilization should be used, and vice versa.
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