Organic cultivation of rice has multiple meanings such as improving soil physical and chemical properties, maintaining water resources, protecting the environment, reusing waste, and adapting to the needs of the general public. Therefore, organic cultivation of rice has its needs and necessity. However, organic cultivation is a high-tech cultivation. The understanding of cultivation techniques is now applied to the feasible techniques of organic rice cultivation, and is described below as a reference for cultivation. 1. The meaning of organic rice: All the high-quality rice varieties recommended by the improvement field in the high-quality rice planting areas planned and completed in the agricultural improvement farms in various districts do not use chemical fertilizers, pesticides and growth regulators in the cultivation process, and High-quality rice cultivation methods and drying and milling techniques produce pure organic rice. 2. Variety selection: According to the regulations, organic rice cultivation must use high-quality rice varieties. For example, Taichung No. 9 in Taiwan has the advantages of superior taste and storage, etc. Taichung No. 10 has the characteristics of high yield and excellent taste, and is suitable for organic cultivation. However, Taichung No. 9 is less resistant to rice fever and leaf blight. Taichung No. 10 is less resistant to bacterial blight and stem borers. Therefore, special attention should be paid to the prevention of pests and diseases during cultivation. 3. Site preparation: Site preparation should be done in a leveling manner that is conducive to irrigation and drainage treatment. Flooding can also be used to control weeds. Leveling can also ensure the survival rate of the seedlings and avoid the cost of replanting. 4. Organic Fertilizer Application Techniques: Organic fertilizers are most economical if they can be manufactured on their own, but they are not always easy to implement. Comparing organic fertilizers with market prices, plant-based organic fertilizers with high nitrogen content, such as rapeseed meal and peanut meal, are more economical. Rapeseed meal is the main organic fertilizer used for organic cultivation of rice in the central region, and the nitrogen:phosphoric anhydride:potassium chloride ratio is 5.3:2.3:1.3. Rapeseed meal is an organic fertilizer that has not been decomposed, so special attention should be paid to its application amount and appropriate application period. The application of rapeseed meal in paddy rice cultivation is recommended at 4,000 kg per hectare. When 1/2 is used as the base fertilizer, it is applied about 10 days before the site preparation. This will not only avoid the high temperature produced by the rapeseed meal fermentation but also increase rice growth after transplanting. Hazard, and can provide timely and appropriate amount of nutrients required for rice growth; 1/4 as top-dressing, timely and appropriate supplementation of rice nutrient absorption during vegetative growth, rice roots and shoots have grown very strong at this time, not afraid of food High-temperature hazards produced by the seed meal fermentation; 1/4 used as panicle fertilizer, general rice cultivation, panicle fertilizer is most appropriate when the young panicle formation is about 0.2 cm, but the organic fertilizer can only be released due to the time required for mineralization. Nutrients, so it is recommended that the first phase of about 8 to 10 days before juvenile ear formation, the second phase of about 6-8 days before juvenile ear formation is the most appropriate application. Organic fertilizers should be avoided after the spikelet formation period, so as to avoid excessive nitrogen supply during grain filling. This not only makes the rice plants easier to lodging, but also increases the crude protein content in the grain, which is not good for rice quality. The promotion. 5. Anti-snail Locust Control Technology: Fushouluo, also known as Jinbaoluo, is the main pest in the early stage of rice growth. It is distributed in any place where there is water, and its fertility is very strong. Its hazard feature is that the tender rice plant just after transplanting, from the stem Cut off the base. If rice is not controlled at the early stage of its development, the damage will be very serious and must be replanted, resulting in a waste of production costs. At present, the method of prevention and control is the use of chemical synthetic pesticides with relatively strong toxicity to prevent and control. Although the effect is very good, due to its high toxicity, it is recommended to avoid using as much as possible. Bitter sorghum is used in organic cultivation of rice, and it is a very good plant waste to prevent and control the snails. Because of its prevention and treatment of snails, other organisms in the soil such as blisters and crickets will also be dead. Therefore, it should not be used excessively when applied. With the principle of 50~100 kilograms, rice can be spread evenly around the field after rice transplanting, and the control effect can be achieved. The effect of controlling bittersweet tea with bitter tea leaves is the same as that of chemical synthetic pesticides, but it does not pose a hazard to the human body. Therefore, it is recommended that rice cultivation farmers can use bitter tea moss to control the snails and avoid using highly toxic synthetic chemicals. . 6. Weed control technology: Rice is cultivated in pure organic, and it is forbidden to use chemical synthetic herbicide. Currently, there are three kinds of weed control techniques applied in the organic cultivation of rice. (First) Repeated Site Preparation Method: The first land preparation is carried out 12 to 15 days before transplanting, and the rough tillage, fine tillage, and leveling are completed at the same time, and then deep water is provided. (5~10cm) Irrigation, lasting till the first three days before transplanting, and then the second site preparation can completely control the weeds. (Second) Rice husk cover flooding method: Before planting seedlings, it is necessary to level the soil. When the seedlings are straight after transplanting, cover about 4 tons of rice hulls per hectare, and carry out flood treatment to control most of the weeds. With manual weeding, you can effectively control weeds. (Third) high-temperature control method: this method uses unripe plant-based organic fertilizer applied to the ground, the application of microbial decomposition of organic matter in the soil, in the case of water in the soil residual oxygen, so that weed seeds can not get enough energy The principle of germination is to suppress the occurrence of weeds. However, this control method must be accompanied by high temperature (for example, the initial period of the second period) to control the effect. The first phase can only achieve the initial suppression, and the long term, there is no control effect. 7. Diseases and Insect Pest Control Techniques: Rice is cultivated in pure organic form, and pests and diseases will certainly occur. How to effectively reduce the occurrence of pests and diseases depends on superb cultivation and management techniques. The most common diseases and pests of rice are rice leaf roller, leaf borer, rice fever, leaf blight, leaf blight, and sheath blight. The thrips has good control effect on the aphid before it enters the leaf sheath or stem and on the rice leaf roller, but if the aphid has entered the leaf sheath or stem, there is no control effect, so we should pay close attention to the two During the occurrence of maggots, continuous control was carried out. Rice fever occurs in the case of overabundance of rice fertilizer and too low content of silicon (SiO2) in the soil. Generally, the silicon content in the soil should be maintained at 15 mg/1000 g or more. Therefore, if organic fertilizer application can be controlled Moderate and sufficient amount of silicon in the soil can effectively prevent rice fever. Flax leaf blight is relatively easy to occur when the rice plant lacks fertilizer and the content of silicon in the soil is too low. Therefore, in the process of rice growth, excessive rice should be avoided and the soil should be supplemented with silicon in an appropriate amount. Prevent leaf blight. Bacterial blight often occurs after a strong wind, due to leaf friction caused by rice wounds, pathogens caused by the wound into the infection, the soil has sufficient silicon content and avoid the application of excessive nitrogen, can effectively reduce the occurrence of bacterial blight, When bacterial blight occurs, it is important to avoid entering the rice field before the dew is still dry in the morning to reduce human infectious bacteria. Rhizoctonia solani is more prone to occur in the conditions of high temperature and humidity, and it should be avoided when sheath blight occurs. Suitable conditions should be to prevent the occurrence of sheath blight. Rice should be planted as wide as possible to enhance ventilation, and long-term application of effective microorganisms. In the soil, it can produce antagonism, eliminate harmful bacteria in the soil, and can also effectively reduce the occurrence of sheath blight. In the above understanding of the use of good field cultivation and management techniques, it can still effectively control the occurrence of serious pests and diseases. 8. Exploration of the Organic Cultivation of Rice: There is a slang phrase “one and two cares, touch and wash pants,†which means that things can be done before and after, and they serve two purposes; but its original meaning is that the river is very clear and the fish Shrimp is always at ease, and many rivers produce a lot of quails. Farmers often spend their free time with bamboo rafts and pick up ravioli from the river because they live in poverty. As a three-meal dish, the big bag pants worn by the river must be soaked in water. In the water, you can rinse your pants by water. However, with the development of industry and commerce, the exhaust gas and waste water discharged from motor vehicles and industry, and agricultural cultivation using a large amount of chemical fertilizers and pesticides have caused the unsatisfied shortcomings of the ecological environment. The butterflies, cockroaches, cockroaches, and fireflies that should have belonged to the natural world Death is exhausted, making the colored sky black and white, and how cruel humans are. Mu Ran looked back and pondered that the biggest victim was humanity, especially the descendants of continuous descendants. People take food as their day. Today's society has entered a high standard. Many consumers are not only demanding good food, but also require safety and health. Therefore, safe and healthy food has become the target of consumer demand. Food containing pesticide residues. The State stipulates safety certification standards for fruits and vegetables for consumer purchase certification. 9. Existing Problems: Problem 1, rice is grown organically and the production cost is too high. The organic cultivation of rice is simply a retro cultivation method. Therefore, it takes more manpower, material resources, and financial resources than ordinary chemical cultivation. Organic fertilizers are used instead of chemical fertilizers, and the organic materials used are different. At the same time, due to the current widespread use of composting spreaders, farmers use their hands to spread their hard work and how many people can experience them. Rice husks were used instead of herbicides to control the growth of weeds. The number of rice husks covered per hectare was 4,000 kg. There was no machinery to assist and it was completely done by hand. Therefore, how to reduce the production cost, and the cultivation and management can be fully mechanized, all need to be overcome to increase the organic cultivation of farmers. Second, rice is cultivated in pure organic, and it is difficult to control pests and diseases. The most common diseases and pests of rice include bacterial blight, rice fever, sheath blight, stem borer, leaf curler, blight leaf blight, and brown planthopper, all of which can be properly controlled by chemical agents, but pure organic cultivation of rice It is absolutely forbidden to use any chemical agents. At present, only the threonids have a slight control effect against the vertical leaf curl insects and the stem borers, but no other pests and diseases are properly controlled. Because the typhoon brought in a large number of pests, the pests were significantly more serious than in previous years. Among them, brown planthoppers were the most obvious hazards. In some areas, the whole plant of rice plants died, causing a loss of yield in various degrees, and the farmers’ income was considerable. Affected, other pests and diseases such as sheath blight, leaf blight of bast and bacterial blight, are also commonly occurring in the cultivation of pure and organic rice. Therefore, in view of the current promotion of pure and organic cultivation of rice, the “seeing the day to eat†four Words to describe the most appropriate. Pure organic cultivation of rice will inevitably lead to pest and disease damage. It is already a fact that if quasi-organic cultivation is adopted, that is, during the cultivation process, appropriate quantities of low-toxicity chemical agents are allowed to be used for prevention and control, an appropriate control effect can be achieved, but with the current promotion. One of the purposes of pure organic cultivation is to hope to achieve ecological rejuvenation so that the butterflies and dragonflies that fly in the sky can be displayed again. The fireflies can then illuminate the lonely night sky. The use of quasi-organic cultivation for ecological restoration The efficacy is worthy of controversy, and consumers’ willingness to accept their products has yet to be examined. Therefore, all crops should adhere to pure organic cultivation. As far as pest control technologies are concerned, experts in agronomics, horticulture, pathology, biochemistry, insects, microbiology, etc. conduct systematic research. We believe that we have a large number of research talents today. All kinds of pests and diseases can find appropriate ways of prevention and treatment.
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