Erythroculter ilishaeformis Bleeker, commonly known as Whitefish or "Three White" Fish, is one of the most prestigious freshwater fish species in Taihu Lake, often referred to as the "head" of the "Three Whites." This fish is not only a traditional delicacy in China but also highly valued for its delicate flavor and texture. It primarily inhabits open rivers and lakes, feeding on small fish from the upper water layers. The middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, along with surrounding lakes, provide ideal conditions due to their abundant natural food sources, resulting in superior quality fish.
For successful breeding, the broodstock pond should be well-constructed with ample water supply, clean and unpolluted water, and efficient drainage systems. The pond size is typically between 1 to 3 mu (about 0.67 to 2 hectares), with a depth of around 1.5 meters. If the pond is too large, it may lead to overcrowding, causing stress and reduced feeding efficiency, which can negatively impact spawning. Ideally, the broodstock nursery should be adjacent to the spawning pond for easier management and reduced mortality during handling.
During winter, when water temperatures are around 10°C, adult fish weighing over 1 kg and at least 3 years old are collected from natural waters like rivers or lakes. These fish must be handled carefully to avoid dehydration, so they are transported using oxygenated bags, live water containers, or specialized transport tanks. If raised in ponds, the fish should be exercised by netting them 2–3 times before transportation. Farmed fish can also be used, but inbreeding must be avoided. Before stocking, the fish are briefly soaked in a 5% saltwater solution for disinfection, then placed into the pond at a density of about 200 kg per mu. Their diet mainly consists of small fresh fish, and feeding should be frequent—every 3–5 days—to ensure adequate nutrition. Oxygenation before spawning helps promote gonadal development.
Male and female identification occurs between June and early July when water temperatures reach 26°C. Mature males display white pearl-like spots on their heads, pectoral fins, and backs, while females have smooth skin and swollen, soft bellies with visible ovaries. A male-to-female ratio of 1:1 to 1.5:1 is recommended. Spawning is conducted in specially designed pools, either separate or combined. Circular pools with diameters of 3–4 meters are preferred, featuring vertical water outlets and a 60-mesh sieve for filtration. Water flow is maintained at about 0.1 m/s, and brown tablets or PVC mesh are used to encourage egg attachment.
Spawning is induced using a mixture of LHRH-A2, DOM, and HCG. Female fish receive 10 μg/kg LHRH-A2, 5 mg DOM, and 1000–1500 IU HCG, while males receive half the dose. After injection, the fish are placed in the spawning pool, and a net is added to prevent them from jumping out. Eggs can be collected through natural spawning or artificial insemination. In the latter case, eggs and sperm are mixed in a dry basin and stirred thoroughly. Fertilized eggs are then washed and transferred to hatching buckets or large basins with running water. Fry are later moved to nursery ponds once they develop properly, with hatching typically taking around 30 hours.
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