Jinbao fermentation bed operating procedures
I. Infrastructure
1. Pig House Construction: Building a pig house for fermentation bed systems is crucial. It can be adapted from an existing structure, but it should ideally face south with good lighting and ventilation. The layout should allow for open windows on the north and south sides. Each pen should have a minimum area of 10 m², with 20 m² being ideal for around 15 pigs. The walls should be about 3 meters high, and the roof at least 4.5 meters to ensure proper air circulation. A south-facing window that can be opened and closed is essential to support microbial activity within the house. An automatic feeder is typically placed on the north side, while the water distributor is installed on the south side for easy access.
2. Fermentation Bed Construction: There are two main types of fermentation beds—ground-level and underground. Underground beds require excavation up to 50 cm deep, and the bedding should be level with the ground surface. For ground-level beds, a low wall should be built around the perimeter. This setup helps save costs and improves ventilation. However, if the original floor is concrete, it may need temporary retention, though over time, it might lead to poor drainage. In such cases, measures like bottom venting, drying wet litter, or adding dry sawdust can help. Pens should generally be enclosed, with extra care taken to prevent rainwater or groundwater from seeping in. If the foundation becomes too wet, anti-seepage measures should be implemented.
II. Notes on Bed Construction
1. Bacterial Dosage: For a 20 m² pen housing about 15 pigs, 2 kg of Jinbao fermentation aid is recommended. Initially, 1.6 kg is applied, with the rest added gradually. The pen area should not be smaller than 10 m², and the pig density should not be too high, as excessive waste can disrupt the fermentation process.
2. Dilution Method: Jinbao fermentation aid should be mixed with rice bran, corn flour, or bran in a ratio of 1:5 or higher. Fresh rice bran is more nutritious than old ones. Optionally, 5% brown sugar water can be sprayed onto the mixture to enhance microbial activity.
3. Sawdust Amount: For a 20 m² area, the litter should be at least 50 cm thick, requiring approximately 10 cubic meters of sawdust. Too thin will hinder fermentation, while too thick may cause overheating. The fermentation aid can be evenly spread across the entire litter or in layers. Dried sawdust is preferred, and fresh sawdust should be dried or exposed to sunlight for sterilization to avoid skin irritation. If the bed becomes too dry, a small amount of water or brown sugar water can be sprayed on the surface. Normally, no additional water is needed, as moisture will naturally increase with animal waste.
4. Alternative Litter: Sawdust is ideal, but if unavailable, rice husks or straw can be used as alternatives. The top 20 cm should still be sawdust. Rice husks must be broken, and straw should be cut into pieces less than 0.5 cm. Avoid making it too fine.
5. Humidity Control: The litter’s humidity should be maintained between 50-60%, which can be checked by squeezing a handful of material—it should feel damp but not drip. If it's too dry, mist the surface lightly. After urination, the maximum humidity should not exceed 65%. Ensure that rain or groundwater does not enter the bed. The pen area should be at least 20 m², and anything below 10 m² is not suitable for a fermentation bed.
III. Daily Management of Fermentation Beds
1. Moisture Adjustment: The core layer of the fermentation bed should maintain a moisture content of 50-60%. The surface layer (about 10 cm) tends to be drier, around 30-40%, and should not be too wet to avoid dust or discomfort for the pigs. Light watering can be done if necessary, but excessive moisture should be avoided.
2. Adding Active Ingredients: While not always necessary, active ingredients like brown sugar or urea water can be added during cold weather to kickstart fermentation. They can also be used to boost microbial activity when it slows down.
3. Cleanliness and Maintenance: With the use of Jinbao fermentation aids, feces do not need to be removed frequently. The litter continuously decomposes and reduces in volume through fermentation. Farmers can clean or remove the fermented material periodically for use as fertilizer or feed. It’s important to replenish the litter and fermentation agents regularly to maintain performance. Whether or not to clean the excrement depends on the farmer’s needs and can be done as required.
4. Sow Care: The fermentation bed system works well for fattening pigs, sows, and breeding stock. Special attention is needed during farrowing. Avoid exposing piglets’ umbilical cords to sawdust or debris to prevent infections. Temporary relocation or changing the bedding for a few days may be necessary until the wound heals. During pregnancy, the sow’s belly may come into contact with the litter, so it’s best to use sawdust that has been dried and disinfected for a few days to avoid allergies. Allergies are rare, and any redness usually resolves within a few days without treatment.
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