Jinbao fermentation bed operating procedures
I. Infrastructure
1. Pig House Construction: Building a pig house for fermentation bed systems is essential. It can be modified from an existing structure, but it should ideally face south and be oriented east to west for maximum natural light and airflow. The pig house should have windows on the north and south sides that can open and close freely, allowing microbes to thrive and support the fermentation process. Each pen should be at least 10 m², with a recommended size of around 20 m², capable of housing up to 15 pigs. The walls should be about 3 meters high, and the roof 4.5 meters, ensuring good ventilation and space. An automatic feeder should be placed on the north side, while the waterer is installed on the south side to maintain hygiene and efficiency.
2. Fermentation Bed Construction: There are two main types of fermentation beds—ground-level and underground. Underground beds require digging about 50 cm deep, then leveling the bedding to match the ground surface. For ground-level beds, a low wall should be built around the area. This method is cost-effective and promotes better air circulation. However, if the original floor is concrete, it may need to be temporarily retained, but over time, it could lead to water accumulation. In such cases, measures like venting, drying wet litter, or adding dry sawdust can help. The pens should generally be enclosed, with extra care taken on rainy days to prevent water from entering the bed. Groundwater seepage should also be avoided, and proper waterproofing may be necessary in overly wet conditions.
II. Key Considerations for Bed Construction
1. Bacterial Dosage: For a 20 m² sty (housing around 15 pigs), 2 kg of Jinbao fermentation aid is recommended. Initially, 1.6 kg should be applied, with the remaining 0.4 kg used as a supplement. The sty area must not be less than 10 m², and pig density should not be too high, as this could overload the system and halt fermentation.
2. Dilution Method: Jinbao fermentation aids should be mixed with rice bran, corn flour, or bran in a ratio of 1:5 or more. Fresh rice bran provides better nutrients than old ones. Optionally, a 5% brown sugar solution can be sprayed onto the mixture to enhance microbial activity.
3. Sawdust Amount: A 20 m² area requires at least 50 cm of sawdust, totaling approximately 10 cubic meters. Too little will prevent fermentation, while too much can cause excessive internal heat. The fermentation aid should be evenly distributed throughout the litter, either all at once or in layers. Dry sawdust is preferred, and fresh material should be dried or exposed to sunlight for sterilization. If the bedding becomes too dry, a small amount of water or brown sugar solution can be sprayed. Normally, no additional water is needed, as moisture will develop naturally with waste accumulation.
4. Alternative Litter Materials: Sawdust is ideal, but if unavailable, rice husks or straw can be used as alternatives. However, the top 20 cm should still be sawdust. Rice husks should be broken, and straw should be cut into short pieces (less than 0.5 cm) or crushed, but not too fine.
5. Humidity Control: The litter's humidity should be maintained at around 50-60%, which can be checked by squeezing a handful of material—it should feel moist but not drip. The surface layer (about 10 cm) typically has lower humidity, around 30-40%, and should remain dry to avoid dust and respiratory issues in pigs. Water should only be added if necessary, and the bed should never be overly wet. Rain and groundwater must be prevented from entering the bed. The sty area should be at least 20 m², and smaller areas should not be used for fermentation beds.
III. Daily Management of Fermentation Beds
1. Moisture Adjustment: The core of the fermentation layer should maintain a moisture level of 50-60%. This ensures optimal microbial activity. The surface layer should be drier, around 30-40%, to avoid dust and ensure comfort for the pigs. A small amount of water can be sprayed on the surface if needed, but the internal layer should remain dry and well-aerated.
2. Adding Active Ingredients: While not always necessary, active ingredients like brown sugar or urea water can be added during cold weather to kickstart fermentation. They can also be used to boost fermentation intensity when it slows down.
3. Cleanliness and Maintenance: With the use of Jinbao fermentation aids, there’s no need to clean feces regularly. The litter is continuously decomposed and turned into organic matter. Farmers can choose to remove the fermented material periodically for use as fertilizer or feed. It’s important to replenish the litter and fermentation agents regularly to maintain the system’s performance. Whether or not to clean the excrement depends on the farmer’s preference and needs.
4. Sow Management: Fermentation beds are suitable for fattening pigs, sows, and breeding stock. Special attention is required during farrowing to avoid infection from sawdust or debris on wounds. Temporary relocation or changing the area for a few days may be necessary. During pregnancy, sows should avoid contact with fresh sawdust for a few days to prevent potential skin irritation. Allergies are rare, and any redness usually resolves within a few days without treatment.
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