Sesame, also known as flax or linseed, is a warm-weather crop that comes in black and white varieties. It serves both as an oil crop and as an industrial raw material. To achieve high yields, the following cultivation techniques are recommended:
First, timely sowing is essential. Since sesame thrives in warmth, it's best to plant between the Vernal Equinox and the Qingming Festival, ideally in the early morning. If spring is unusually warm, planting should be advanced by one season. Delayed sowing can lead to higher temperatures, more rainfall, shorter growth periods, and increased risks of premature aging, wind damage, and lower yields.
Second, proper soil preparation is crucial. Choose loose, fertile, well-drained land or sloped areas. Before planting, till the soil thoroughly, remove debris, and create raised beds. In dry fields, make beds 3 meters long, 30 meters wide, and about 15 cm high. In paddy fields, use beds 2 meters wide, 30 meters long, 18 cm high, and 15 cm wide. As the saying goes, "A foot-high bed ensures good sesame growth, and proper drainage increases yield."
Third, apply base fertilizer. Mix 30 kg of superphosphate, 100 kg of wood ash, and 10 kg of potassium chloride per mu. For thin ridges, add 4 kg of urea mixed with the fertilizer before spreading evenly. For seed dressing, combine 20 kg of cake fertilizer, 2 kg of bone meal, 2 kg of urea, and about 500 kg of mixed fertilizer.
Fourth, determine the correct sowing rate. The recommended rate is 0.45 kg per mu for regular sowing, 0.35 kg for row sowing, and 0.25 kg for spot sowing. Ensure not to exceed 0.5 kg per mu. Sowing methods include broadcasting, drilling, and spot planting. After sowing, lightly press the soil. In dry conditions, water carefully to avoid compaction and ensure good germination.
Fifth, thinning seedlings is important. When the first pair of true leaves appear, thin out weak plants. At 2–3 pairs of leaves, remove weaker ones. Transplanting should occur when there are 3–4 true leaves. Seedling supplementation is best done during rain or cloudy evenings. Leave about 20,000 stalks per mu for single-stalk varieties and 1.2–1.5 million shoots for branching types.
Sixth, cultivate the soil regularly. The first cultivation should be shallow, just breaking up the topsoil when 1–2 leaves appear. Later cultivations can go deeper, reaching 6 cm at 3 pairs of leaves and 7–9 cm at 5 pairs. Stop cultivating once the rows are closed. Each cultivation should be combined with weeding, fertilizing, and earthing up to prevent lodging. Also, maintain drainage ditches to avoid waterlogging.
Seventh, implement proper fertilization. In addition to base and seed fertilizers, top-dressing significantly boosts yield. Apply 6–9 kg of urea per mu, with one-third at the seedling stage and two-thirds during the bud and flowering stages. Single-stalk varieties benefit from top-dressing during budding, while branching types need it when branches emerge. Thin ridges may require earlier application.
Eighth, manage irrigation carefully. Sesame is highly sensitive to water levels. Avoid both drought and waterlogging. Keep the soil consistently moist without overwatering. After budding, drought can severely reduce production.
Ninth, apply foliar fertilizers. During the initial flowering to full bloom stage, spray 0.2 kg of potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 0.5 kg of urea in 125 kg of water after 3 PM. Repeat every other day for five days, three to five times. From the third application, you can spray urea alone. If it rains, respray the next day.
Tenth, control pests and diseases. Common diseases include root rot, anthracnose, and leaf spot. Use disease-resistant varieties, rotate crops, and apply chemical treatments such as 0.3° Baumé lime sulfur, 50% thiophanate at 2000 times, or 1:1:150 Bordeaux mixture. For bacterial wilt, use 1:1:300 Bordeaux spray. Insect pests like cutworms, caterpillars, and moths can be controlled with dichlorvos or trichlorfon sprays.
Eleventh, harvest at the right time. Sesame matures about 20 days after the last flowering. Harvest when stems and leaves turn yellow, many leaves have fallen, and some fruits begin to crack. Bundle the plants, dry them in the sun, and shake them to release seeds. After several threshings, separate the seeds and clean them for storage or processing.
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