Sesame, also known as flax or linseed, is a warm-weather crop that comes in black and white varieties. It serves both as an oil crop and as an industrial raw material. To achieve high yields, the following cultivation techniques are recommended:
First, timely sowing is essential. As a heat-loving plant, sesame should be planted between the Vernal Equinox and the Awakening of Insects, ideally in the early morning. If spring is unusually warm, planting should be done one season earlier. Delayed sowing leads to higher temperatures, increased rainfall, shorter growth periods, and a higher risk of premature aging, wind damage, and lower yield.
Second, proper soil preparation is crucial. Choose loose, fertile, well-drained land or sloping areas. Before planting, the field should be thoroughly tilled and cleaned. For dryland, create ridges 3 meters long, 30 meters wide, and about 15 cm high. In paddy fields, make ridges 2 meters wide, 30 meters long, 18 cm high, and 15 cm wide. The old saying goes, "Foot-high sesame seeds, inch-water soaked, ditches in the ground mean more income."
Third, apply base fertilizer. Mix 30 kg of superphosphate, 100 kg of wood ash, and 10 kg of potassium chloride per mu. For thin ridges, add 4 kg of mixed urea and spread it evenly. Seed dressing fertilizer typically includes 20 kg of cake fertilizer, 2 kg of bone meal, 2 kg of urea, and 500 kg of mixed fertilizer.
Fourth, sowing rates vary depending on the variety. Sow at 0.45 kg per mu for regular seeding, 0.35 kg for seedling raising, and 0.25 kg for specific needs. Ensure the rate does not exceed 0.5 kg per mu. Sowing methods include spreading the seed mixed with soil fertilizer, lightly pressing after soaking with a hoe. Drilling is commonly used with single stalks and narrow rows spaced 33 cm apart, with a broadcast width of 17 cm. For branching varieties, use wider rows (50 cm) and a broadcast width of 20 cm, mixing 20 kg of seeds with 500 kg of soil fertilizer. In direct sowing, space plants 33 cm apart, place 10 seeds per hole, cover with soil, and press gently. Sow when the soil is moist, and irrigate if needed without causing waterlogging.
Fifth, thinning and transplanting seedlings is important. Thin the first time when the plant has one pair of true leaves, and again when it has 2-3 pairs. Transplant seedlings when they have 3-4 true leaves. Do this during rain or on cloudy evenings. Leave around 20,000 stalks per mu for single-stalk varieties, and 1.2-1.5 million shoots for branching types.
Sixth, cultivate the soil regularly. First cultivation should be shallow, just breaking up the topsoil when the plant has 1-2 true leaves. Second cultivation can go up to 6 cm deep when there are three pairs of true leaves. Third cultivation should be 7-9 cm deep when five pairs of leaves appear. Stop cultivating once the rows close. Combine weeding, fertilizing, and earthing up to prevent lodging. Also, maintain drainage channels to avoid waterlogging.
Seventh, implement topdressing. Apply 6-9 kg of urea per mu, with 1/3 at the seedling stage and 2/3 during bud and flowering stages. Single-stalk varieties should receive this during the bud to flowering period, while branching types benefit from early application during the seedling stage.
Eighth, manage irrigation carefully. Sesame is highly sensitive to moisture levels—avoid both drought and waterlogging. Keep the soil consistently moist, especially after budding, as drought significantly reduces yield.
Ninth, apply foliar sprays. During the initial to full bloom stage, mix 0.2 kg of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 0.5 kg of urea, and 125 kg of water. Spray in the late afternoon, repeating every other day for 5 days, 3-5 times. From the third spray, use urea alone. If it rains, respray the next day.
Tenth, control pests and diseases. Common issues include root rot, anthracnose, and leaf spot. Use disease-resistant varieties, practice crop rotation, and apply chemical treatments such as 0.3° Baum’s lime sulfur, 50% thiophanate at 2000x, or Bordeaux mixture (1:1:150). For bacterial wilt, use a 1:1:300 Bordeaux spray. For pests like cutworms and moths, use 80% dichlorvos emulsion or 5% cypermethrin at 3000-3500x.
Eleventh, harvest at the right time. Sesame is ready for harvest about 20 days after the last flowering. Signs of maturity include yellowing stems and leaves, falling foliage, and some cracked pods. Bundle the plants, sun-dry them, and shake them with two sticks to release the seeds. After 2-3 threshing sessions, let the stalks rest for 2-4 days to separate the seeds. Finally, winnow, dry, and clean the seeds for storage or processing.
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