Bupleurum, commonly known as Chaihu, is a widely used medicinal herb in traditional Chinese medicine. The main varieties include North Bupleurum, Radix Bupleurum, and the whole herb form. Among these, Narrow-leaved Bupleurum is primarily cultivated in regions such as Northeast China, North China, Northwest China, East China, Hubei, and Sichuan provinces. This plant thrives in open hillsides and grasslands, preferring slightly cool and humid conditions. It is drought-tolerant but sensitive to high temperatures and waterlogging.
The growth cycle of Bupleurum can be divided into four key stages: vigorous stem and leaf growth (from April to June), rapid root development (June to September), late root growth (September to October), and a winter dormancy period where the above-ground parts die back, only to regrow in the following spring. In the first year of seed propagation, the plant goes through a seedling stage, growing from germination to about 6–10 cm in height.
For cultivation, Bupleurum should be planted in loose, well-drained sandy loam soils rich in organic matter, avoiding clay or waterlogged areas. Before planting, it’s recommended to apply 2500–3000 kg of compost per acre along with 50 kg of superphosphate. The soil should then be tilled to a depth of 25–30 cm. Raised beds are typically made with a width of 1.2 meters and a height of 20 cm, or alternatively, ridges of 60 cm wide and 20 cm high.
Propagation is usually done through seeds, either by direct sowing or transplanting seedlings. The germination rate is around 50%, and seeds typically sprout within 15 days when kept at around 20°C. Autumn sowing is ideal before the first frost, while spring sowing is best done in mid to late April. Seeds are sown in furrows spaced 15–20 cm apart, with a depth of 1.5–2 cm. After sowing, the seeds are covered with 1 cm of soil and lightly pressed. Watering is essential for good germination. A seeding rate of 1–1.5 kg per mu is typical.
Soaking seeds in warm water (20°C) or 3% hydrogen peroxide for 24 hours can improve germination. For stratified seeds, soaking them in 35°C water for 12 hours and drying them before sowing is also effective. Seedlings can be transplanted once they reach 5–6 cm in height, with spacing of 15–20 cm between plants and 6–10 cm between rows. Transplanting in autumn is also an option.
Field management involves regular weeding, especially when seedlings reach 5–6 cm. As they grow taller than 10 cm, weeding and soil loosening should be done together, maintaining a spacing of about 10 cm. Fertilization is important—applying 15 kg of superphosphate per acre, or 5–8 kg of ammonium sulfate, or 5 kg of urea, depending on whether base fertilizer was already applied. Care must be taken not to damage the stems or roots during application.
Watering is crucial before emergence or after transplanting, and drainage should be ensured during the rainy season to avoid waterlogging. In the first year, Bupleurum mainly grows leaves and stems, rarely flowering. By the second year, it begins to flower, and it's important to retain seeds and remove flowers early to focus nutrients on root development. This helps produce higher quality medicinal roots.
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