Bupleurum, commonly known as Chaihu, includes several main varieties such as North Bupleurum, Radix Bupleurum, and the whole herb form. Among them, Narrow-leaved Bupleurum is primarily cultivated in regions like Northeast China, North China, Northwest China, East China, as well as Hubei and Sichuan provinces. This plant typically grows on hillsides and grasslands, thriving in slightly cool and humid climates. It prefers moderate temperatures, can tolerate drought, but is sensitive to high heat and waterlogging. Seedlings require some shade during their early growth phase, while later stages benefit from full sunlight. The growth cycle of Bupleurum can be divided into four key phases: vigorous stem and leaf growth (April to June), rapid root development (June to September), late root maturation (September to October), and a dormancy period during winter, where the above-ground parts die back and regrow the following spring.
In terms of cultivation, Bupleurum should be planted in well-drained, loose, and fertile sandy loam soils or humus-rich hillsides. Avoid clay or waterlogged areas. Before planting, it's essential to apply sufficient base fertilizer—around 2500–3000 kg per acre, along with 50 kg of superphosphate. After fertilizing, the soil should be tilled to a depth of 25–30 cm. Raised beds are recommended, with a width of 1.2 meters, a ridge width of 60 cm, and a height of 20 cm. For propagation, seeds are the most common method, either by direct sowing or transplanting seedlings. The germination rate is around 50%, with optimal temperatures at about 20°C. Germination usually takes about 15 days after sowing. The best time for direct sowing is late autumn before the first frost or in mid to late April in spring. Seeds should be sown in furrows spaced 15–20 cm apart, with a depth of 1.5–2 cm. Cover the seeds with 1 cm of soil and gently press down, then cover with mulch to retain moisture. A seeding rate of 1–1.5 kg per mu is typical. Autumn sowing generally results in stronger seedlings than spring sowing. In spring, Bupleurum can be intercropped with corn. Seedlings are usually transplanted in mid to late April. Soaking seeds in warm water (20°C) or a 3% hydrogen peroxide solution for 24 hours can improve germination rates. Alternatively, stratified seeds can be soaked in 35°C water for 12 hours, dried, and then sown. Direct sowing or drilling methods can also be used, with spacing of 10 cm between plants. Once seedlings reach 5–6 cm in height, they can be transplanted, maintaining a spacing of 15–20 cm. Watering should be done promptly after planting, and transplanting can also be done in autumn.
Field management involves regular weeding and soil loosening. When seedlings reach 5–6 cm in height, they should be transplanted. Once they grow taller than 10 cm, weeding combined with soil loosening is necessary, and spacing should be maintained at around 10 cm. After top-dressing, apply 15 kg of superphosphate per acre (if not applied earlier), along with 5–8 kg of ammonium sulfate or 5 kg of urea. Be careful not to damage the stems or roots. Keep the soil moist before emergence or after transplanting. During rainy seasons, ensure proper drainage to avoid waterlogging. In the first year, Bupleurum mainly produces stems and leaves without flowering. By the second year, it will flower, and it's important to retain seeds. However, it’s advisable to remove the flowers early to concentrate nutrients on root development.
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